Cutar sankarar mellitus ya bayyana saboda rashi mai narkewa a cikin jiki da kuma karuwa cikin yawan sukarin jini. An kafa alamomin WHO, inda aka nuna nau'ikan cututtukan cututtuka.
Dangane da kididdigar 2017, sama da mutane miliyan 150 ana karɓar masu cutar masu ciwon sukari. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, lokuta na cutar sun zama mafi m. Babban haɗarin samuwar cutar yana faruwa ne bayan shekaru 40.
Akwai shirye-shiryen da ke dauke da jerin matakai don rage aukuwar kamuwa da cutar siga da rage hadarin mutuwa. Gudanar da cututtukan haemoglobin yana haifar da yiwuwar gano ciwon sukari da kuma tsara tsarin kulawa.
Siffofin asalin da kuma cutar
Ci gaban ilimin halittu shine ya rinjayi wasu dalilai da yawa. Idan akwai yanayin gado, to, yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar siga tana da yawa sosai. Hakanan cutar na iya haɓaka saboda rauni na rigakafi da kasancewar manyan matsaloli tare da wasu gabobin. Wannan cuta ita ce sanadin yawancin adadin wasu cututtuka masu rauni.
Nau'in 1 na ciwon sukari mellitus yana faruwa ne sakamakon lalacewar ƙwayoyin beta. Hanya da ƙwayoyin beta ke aiki suna ba da rahoton nau'in cutar. Ciwon sukari mellitus a cikin yara na tasowa a kowane zamani, gami da cikin jarirai.
Don gano cutar, wajibi ne don yin gwajin jini, matakin glucose zai zama mai girma. Likita na iya Magana game da cutar sankara ta idiopathic tare da karancin insulin a jiki.
Za'a iya rama cutar sikari na 1 irin wanda raunin haɓakar haɓakar carbohydrate ya kusa da na lafiyayyen mutum. Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙananan halaye suna haɓaka ta hanyar gajeren lokaci na hypoglycemia ko hyperglycemia, yayin da babu nakasa.
Tare da lalata, sukari na jini na iya canzawa sosai, za'a iya samun farin jini da coma. A tsawon lokaci, ana gano acetone a cikin fitsari.
Bayyanar cututtuka na nau'in 1 na ciwon sukari:
- ƙishirwa
- m urination,
- karfi da ci
- asarar nauyi
- fatarar fata,
- rashin aiki, gajiya, rauni,
- ciwon kai da ciwon baya
- babban ɗumi, itching na fata,
- amai da tashin zuciya
- low jure cututtuka,
- ciwon ciki.
Anayenis yakan ƙunshi hangen nesa mai rauni, aikin koda, samarda jini zuwa ƙafafu, haka kuma ragewa a cikin jijiyoyin mahaifa.
Nau'in cututtukan siga na 2 na sukari sau da yawa yana bayyana a cikin tsofaffi da tsofaffi. Cutar tana dauke da tsinkaye ta hanyar insulin. Wannan na iya faruwa saboda daukar ciki, nauyi mai yawa, ko wasu dalilai. Rashin lafiya wani lokacin yakan gudana a asirce kuma bashi da alamun bayyananniyar cutar.
Type 2 ciwon sukari mellitus:
- huhun, wanda ke haɗu da daidaita cutar ta hanyar abinci ko a hade tare da yin amfani da maganin da ya dace,
- Matsakaita wanda ingantawa yana faruwa bayan cinye Allunan kwayoyi na maganin rage sukari. Orananan matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki na iya faruwa,
- Matsanancin mataki na faruwa ne idan an yi dattako kawai tare da yin amfani da allunan rage sukari da insulin, ko kuma tare da taimakon insulin. Cutar rikicewar jijiyoyin jiki, nephropathy, retinopathy, da neuropathy sun zama gama gari.
Mutumin da ke fama da cutar cuta ta 2 yana jin ƙishirwa koyaushe. Akwai ƙaiƙayi a cikin makwancin gwaiwa da perineum. Yawan jiki a hankali yana ƙaruwa, kumburi, cututtukan fungal na fata sun bayyana. Rashin isasshen sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta shima halayyar mutum ne.
Mutum koyaushe yana da rauni na tsoka da rushewa gaba ɗaya. Kafafu suna ta lanƙwasa koyaushe, ƙwayoyin cuta ba na kowa bane. Ganganci a hankali yayi haske, gashin fuska zai iya girma sosai, kuma a wani gefen kuma yana iya fadowa. Sananan rawaya da suka bayyana a jiki, galibi akwai tsananin ɗumi da kumburi da kumburi.
Ana gano insulin na nesa ba sau da yawa sau da yawa, tunda babu bayyanar halayen. Wannan nau'in yana tsokani cututtukan tsarin jijiyoyin jiki. Yayin magani, yakamata a bi tsarin abincin da likitanku ya umarta.
Ana iya bayyana ciwon sukari dabam, koda kuwa nau'in iri ɗaya ne. Fitowar rikice-rikice ya nuna cewa cutar tana cikin matakan ci gaba. Akwai matakai masu nauyi, mellitus na sukari, rarrabuwa, wanda ke da nau'ikan da yawa, ya bambanta a cikin nau'ikan da matakai.
Tare da ciwo mai laushi, ciwon sukari yana gudana ba tare da rikitarwa ba. Lokacin da matakin tsakiya ya gudana, bayan ɗan lokaci matsaloli suka fara:
- karancin gani
- mai aiki sosai,
- malfunctions na tsakiya juyayi tsarin.
Tare da mummunan yanayin cutar, ciwo mai zurfi na iya haɓaka wanda zai rikita rayuwar mutum sosai.
Sakamakon halayen da ke faruwa a cikin jiki, haɓaka glycosylated haemoglobin yana inganta. Akwai haɗuwa da glucose da haemoglobin. Matsakaicin halittar haemoglobin ya dogara da matakin sukari. Dangane da sakamakon binciken, an ƙididdige adadin haemoglobin, wanda ya haɗu da sukari sama da wani lokaci.
Glycosylated haemoglobin kuma yana cikin mutane masu lafiya, amma cikin iyakantaccen adadi. Tare da ciwon sukari, waɗannan alamun suna da yawa sau da yawa fiye da na al'ada. Idan adadin sukari ya dawo daidai, to, a ɗauki ɗan lokaci don haemoglobin zai dawo al'ada.
Ingantaccen aikin jiyya yana ƙaddara ta matakin hemoglobin.
Tsarin ciwon sukari
Dangane da binciken kimiyya, masana daga WHO sun kirkiro rarrabuwa na cutar sankara. Kungiyar ta ba da rahoton cewa mafi yawan masu ciwon sukari suna da cututtukan type 2, 92% na jimlar.
Nau'in nau'in ciwon sukari na 1 kusan kimanin 7% na yawan adadin lokuta. Sauran nau'ikan rashin lafiya suna lissafin 1% na lokuta. Kusan 3-4% na mata masu ciki suna da ciwon sukari.
Harkokin kiwon lafiya na zamani kuma suna magance batun ciwon suga. Wannan wani yanayi ne yayin da aka auna alamomin glucose a cikin jini ya rigaya ya wuce na yau da kullun, amma har yanzu ba a kai ga ka'idodin da ke halayyar sifar gargajiya ba. A matsayinka na mai mulki, cutar sankarar barzahu ta fara haifar da cuta mai yaduwa.
Cutar an samo shi ne saboda halayen da ba a sani ba na jiki, alal misali, kasawa a cikin aiki da glucose. Ana ganin waɗannan bayyanar a cikin mutane masu al'ada da kiba.
Wani nau'in cuta an rarrabe shi yayin da ake sarrafa glucose a cikin jiki, amma saboda rikitarwa, yanayin zai iya canzawa kuma aikin rikicewar ya rikice.
Tun daga 2003, cutar sankarau ta kamu da ƙididdigar ƙungiyar abetesungiyar Cutar Kankara ta Amurka.
Nau'in 1 na ciwon sukari mellitus yana bayyana saboda lalata sel, wanda shine dalilin rashin insulin ya faru a cikin jikin mutum. Nau'in cututtukan siga na 2 na sukari ya bayyana saboda tasirin ilimin halittar insulin ya lalace a jiki.
Wasu nau'ikan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta suna bayyana saboda cututtuka daban-daban, har da rushewar ƙwayoyin beta. Wannan rarrabuwa yanzu shawara ce a cikin yanayi.
A cikin rarrabuwa na WHO wanda aka tsara 1999, akwai wasu canje-canje a cikin ƙirar nau'in cututtuka. Yanzu ana amfani da lambobin larabci, ba na Rome ba.
Masana na WHO a cikin manufar "ciwon sukari na mahaifa" sun hada da cutar ba kawai a lokacin daukar ciki ba, har ma da wasu rikice-rikice na metabolism metabolism. Ta wannan ne muke nufin take hakki da ke faruwa yayin haihuwar yaro, da kuma bayan.
A halin yanzu ba a san abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon sukari ba. Kididdiga ta nuna cewa cutar ta fi kamari ne a cikin mata masu kiba, nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, ko polycystic na ovaria.
A cikin mata, yayin daukar ciki, raguwar ƙwayar rauni zuwa insulin na iya farawa, wanda ke sauƙaƙe ta hanyar canje-canje na hormonal da kuma yanayin gado.
An cire nau'in na 3 a cikin jerin nau'ikan cututtukan, wanda na iya bayyana saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki.
An kammala da cewa wannan yanayin na iya shafar metabolism na gina jiki, amma, ba zai iya haifar da bayyanar ciwon sukari ba.
Kasa da Kasa na Ciwon Magani
Yawancin masu ciwon sukari za a iya raba su zuwa rukuni biyu: marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da nau'in 1 na ciwon sukari mellitus (DM 1), wanda ke da alaƙa da raunin insulin, da kuma marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 na mellitus (DM 2), wanda ya yi daidai da juriya na jiki ga insulin.
Sau da yawa yana da wuya a tantance nau'in ciwon sukari, don haka a halin yanzu ana haɓaka sabon rarrabuwa na ciwon sukari, wanda har yanzu WHO ba ta amince da ita ba. A cikin rarrabuwa akwai sashen "Ciwon sukari mellitus indeterminate nau'in".
Aƙalla adadin nau'ikan nau'ikan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan da suke tsokani ana rubuta su:
- kamuwa da cuta
- kwayoyi
- endocrinopathy
- matsalar karancin ƙwayar cuta,
- lahanin kwayoyin.
Wadannan nau'o'in ciwon sukari ba su da alaƙa da juna, suna rarrabe dabam.
Rarraba halin yanzu na ciwon sukari bisa ga bayanan WHO ya haɗa da nau'ikan cututtukan 4 da ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda aka tsara a matsayin ƙetare iyaka na glucose homeostasis.
Type 1 ciwon sukari-dogara da ciwon sukari-na iya zama:
- rigakafi
- idiopathic.
Type 2 ciwon sukari mellitus yana da rarrabuwa:
- iyaka hargitsi na glucose homeostasis,
- mai fama da rashin jarin glucose,
- high glycemia a kan komai a ciki,
- ciwon sukari a lokacin daukar ciki,
- sauran nau'ikan cuta.
Cututtukan cututtukan fata:
- ciwan kansa
- maganin ciwon huhu
- raunin da ya faru
- cystic fibrosis,
- zazzabin cizon sauro
- dazamai.
Endocrinopathies:
- Cutar cushingrs ta Cushing
- glucagonoma
- somatostatinoma
- sabbinna,
- aldosteroma,
- dakwannadama.
Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na aikin insulin:
- cutar lipoatrophic,
- buga jure insulin,
- leprechaunism, Donohue syndrome (nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 na ciwon sukari, ci gaban ciki na ciki, dysmorphism),
- Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (acanthosis, ciwon sukari mellitus da pineal hyperplasia),
- Wasu keta hakki.
Da wuya saurin kamuwa da cutar sikari:
- M cutar mutum (irin 1 ciwon sukari mellitus, taurin tsoka, yanayi mai ɗaukar hankali),
- Magungunan rigakafi ga masu karɓar insulin.
Jerin abubuwan syndromes hade da ciwon sukari:
- Ciwon mara
- Ciwon mara
- Lawrence-Moon-Beadle ciwo,
- Samurai
- cutar tungsten
- Cutar Klinefelter
- ataxia na Friedreich,
- porfria
- Prader-Willi ciwo,
- myotonic dystrophy.
Abun ciki:
- cytomegalovirus ko cututtukan fata,
- sauran nau'ikan kamuwa da cuta.
Wani nau'in daban shine ciwon sukari na mata masu juna biyu. Hakanan akwai nau'in cuta wanda ke haifar da sinadarai ko magunguna.
Binciko bisa ga ka'idojin WHO
Tsarin ganewar asali yana dogara ne akan kasancewar hyperglycemia a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Cututtukan ciwon sukari suna ba da alamu daban-daban. Hakan bai dace ba, saboda haka babu bayyanar cututtuka ba ya ware bayyanar cutar.
Standardungiyar Bincike ta Duniya ta Duniya ta WHO ta ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙarancin iyaka a cikin maganin glucose homeostasis dangane da matakan sukari na jini ta amfani da wasu hanyoyi.
Raba:
- plasma glucose a cikin komai a ciki (aƙalla sa'o'i takwas bayan cin abinci),
- bazuwar jini sugar (a kowane lokaci na rana, ban da abinci abinci),
- glycemia a minti na 120 na gwajin haƙuri na glucose tare da 75 g na glucose.
Ana iya gano ciwon sukari a cikin hanyoyi uku:
- gaban alamu na gargajiya na cutar + bazuwar glycemia na fiye da 11.1 mmol / l,
- glycemia a kan komai a ciki fiye da 7.0 mmol / l,
- glycemia a minti na 120 na PTTG ya fi 11.1 mmol / l.
Don ƙara yawan ƙwayar cutar glycemia, wani matakin glucose a cikin jini jini shine halayyar komai a ciki, shine 5.6 - 6.9 mmol / L.
An nuna halin haƙuri na glucose ta hanyar glucose na 7.8 - 11.0 mmol / L a minti na 120 na PTTG.
Matsayin Al'ada
Guban jini a cikin mutum mai lafiya yakamata ya zama 3.8 - 5.6 mmol / l akan ciki mara komai. Idan glycemia mai haɗari ya wuce 11.0 mmol / L a cikin jini, ana buƙatar bincike na biyu, wanda ya tabbatar da bayyanar cutar.
Idan babu alamun cutar, to, kuna buƙatar yin nazarin glycemia na azumi a cikin yanayin da aka saba. Azumtar glycemia mai mahimmanci ƙasa da 5.6 mmol / L ban da ciwon sukari. Idan glycemia ya fi 6.9 mmol / l, to, an tabbatar da bayyanar cututtuka na cutar sankara.
Glycemia a cikin kewayon 5.6 - 6.9 mmol / l yana buƙatar bincike akan PTTG. A cikin gwajin haƙuri na glucose, ana nuna ciwon sukari ta hanyar glycemia bayan sa'o'i biyu mafi girma daga 11.1 mmol / L. Ana buƙatar maimaita karatun kuma sakamakon biyu.
Don cikakken bincike game da nau'in 1 da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, ana amfani da C-peptides azaman mai nuna alama ta toshewar insulin, idan hoton ba shi da tabbaci. A nau'in cuta ta 1, dabi'un basal wani lokacin suna raguwa zuwa sifili.
Tare da nau'in cuta ta biyu, ƙimar na iya zama al'ada, amma tare da juriya na insulin, yana ƙaruwa.
Tare da haɓaka wannan nau'in rashin lafiya, matakin C-peptides sau da yawa yana ƙaruwa.
Matsaloli da ka iya yiwuwa
Ciwon sukari mellitus na iya haifar da raguwa sosai ga lafiya. A bango daga cutar, sauran ci gaban pathologies, ba tare da la'akari da rarrabuwa da ciwon sukari. Kwayar cutar za ta bayyana a hankali kuma yana da muhimmanci mutum ya bi dukkan matakan binciken domin tabbatar da ingancin cutar. Haɓaka rikitarwa tare da magance rashin daidaituwa na ciwon sukari ya tashi ba tare da gazawa ba.
Misali, retinopathy sau da yawa yana bayyana, ma'anar, retinement ko lalatawarsa. Tare da wannan ilimin, zubar jini a cikin idanu na iya farawa. Idan ba a kula da shi ba, mai haƙuri na iya zama makaho gaba ɗaya. Cutar an sansa da:
- kamshi na jini
- bayyanar jini clots.
Polyneuropathy hasara ne na farji da zafin jiki. A lokaci guda, raunuka a hannu da kafafu suka fara bayyana. Duk rashin jin daɗin ji yana ƙaruwa da dare. Raunin raunuka ba sa warkarwa na dogon lokaci, kuma akwai yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar ɓarna.
Nephropathy na cutar kansa shine ake kira cututtukan koda, wanda ke tsokani ɓoyayyen furotin a cikin fitsari. Mafi yawan lokuta, gazawar koda ke tasowa.
Wadanne nau'ikan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan za su iya gaya wa gwani a cikin bidiyon a cikin wannan labarin.
