Tunda kayan sun kasance a cikin mutanen giya, kalmar "cholesterol" ita kadai ce mai inganci, yayin da sunan "cholesterol" (a zahiri "mai wuya bile" saboda asalinsa daga gallstones)) an sanya shi zuwa ga al'adar ta al'ada - wanda aka fara samu a 1769 daga hannun masanin kimiyyar Faransa mai suna Pouletier de La Sal, ya nuna ainihin kaddarorin dattin, wanda a farkon sa aka sa shi.
Sakamakon wasu kurakurai na masana kimiyya, akace cholesterol a matsayin "maƙiyi A'a 1" don lafiyar jikin shekaru, wanda ya haifar da juyin juya hali na ainihi a masana'antar abinci, magunguna da hanyoyin magani - tare da samfuran mai ƙanƙano, sababbin magunguna da hanyoyin sun bayyana a cikin duniya wanda zai iya rage taro sosai mahadi a cikin jini, kuma tare da wannan duka - da na'urori masu sarrafawa don "kwaro" don a koyaushe a sa shi cikin bincike.
Tunda hanya mafi kyau don bincika cutarwar wani ko wata hanyar shine hanyar cire shi daga wurare dabam dabam, an yi wannan - sakamakon, yanzu duniya tana cinye 'ya'yan itaciyar' lalataccen abinci ', kuma masana kimiyya suna tilasta yin uzuri kuma suna alƙawarin gyara shi. Amma ana iya yin wannan kawai ta hanyar fahimtar asalin da matsayin gaskiya na abubuwan da ke cikin jiki.
Babban ayyuka na cholesterol
Baya ga gaskiyar cewa ita mahimmin sashi ne (mai kwantar da hankula) na cytoplasmic membrane, tabbatar da tsauraran matakan biyu sakamakon sabbin ƙwayoyin halittar phospholipid, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta tana bayyana kanta azaman matsayin-mai ba da izini na shinge na sel, yana hana hawan jini a haushi .
Hakanan yana zama abu mai farawa don samar da mahadi na rukunin steroid:
- hodar iblis na corticosteroid;
- kwayoyin hodar iblis;
- bile acid;
- Bitamin D-rukuni (ergocalciferorol da cholecalciferol).
Ganin mahimmancin jikin kowane ɗayan wannan gungun abubuwa, ya zama bayyananne cutar da abinci mai ƙona-jini ko kuma raguwar wucin gadi a cikin matakin wannan abun a cikin jini.
Saboda rashin daidaituwarsa a cikin ruwa, ana iya jigilar wannan abun da jini kawai a hade tare da sunadarai masu ɗaukar kaya (apolipoproteins), lokacin da aka haɗu da abin da aka kirkiro abubuwan haɗin keɓaɓɓu na lipoprotein.
Saboda kasancewar wasu nau'ikan apolipoproteins daban-daban (tare da banbancin nauyin kwayoyin, matsayinsu na tropism na cholesterol, sannan kuma saboda iyawar hadaddun ya narke a cikin jini, da kuma kaddarorin kodan cholesterol don samar da atherosclerotic plaques), an rarrabe wadannan nau'ikan na lipoproteins:
- babban yawa (HDL, ko nauyi na kwayoyin, ko HDL-lipoproteins);
- darancin abu (LDL, ko ƙananan ƙwayar motsi, ko LDL-lipoproteins);
- ƙarancin ƙasa mai yawa (VLDL, matsanancin ƙarancin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ko nau'in VLDL na lipoproteins);
- Chylomicrons.
A cikin kyallen da ke cikin mahaifa, cholesterol ya shiga cikin ɗaure zuwa chylomicrons, LDL ko VLDL, zuwa hanta (tare da cirewa daga baya) - ta jigilar apolipoproteins na nau'in HDL.
Siffofin Sadarwa
Domin ko dai allunan atherosclerotic su samar daga cholesterol (wanda a lokaci guda suka zama “faci” akan bangon artery da suka lalace, da kuma “sararin samaniya” na ciki a wurin da ba tare da suba daga jikin tsoka. ko wasu samfurori, shi a jikin mutum dole ne ya fara aiki a ɗayan wurare uku:
- fata
- hanji;
- hanta.
Tunda ƙwayoyin hanta (cytosol da sanyin endoplasmic reticulum) sune manyan masu samar da fili (a cikin 50% ko sama da haka), yakamata a yi la'akari da haɗaɗɗiyar abu daidai gwargwadon halayen da ke faruwa a ciki.
Abinda keɓaɓɓuwar cholesterol yana faruwa a cikin matakai 5 - tare da jerin abubuwa:
- mevalonate;
- isoptienyl pyrophosphate;
- squalene;
- lanosterol;
- ainihin cholesterol.
Rashin canza abubuwa ba zai yuwu ba tare da halartar enzymes da za'ace kowane matakin aiwatarwa ba.
Bidiyo akan kwayar cholesterol:
Enzymes da ke tattare da samuwar kwayoyin halitta
A matakin farko (wanda ya kunshi aiki guda uku), kirkirar acetoacetyl-CoA (nan gaba CoA - coenzyme A) an fara shi ta hanyar acetyl-CoA-acetyltrasferase (thiolase) ta fuskokin kwayoyin acetyl-CoA guda 2. Bugu da ari, tare da halartar HMG-CoA synthase (hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase), kira daga acetoacetyl-CoA da wani kwayar acetyl-CoA ꞵ-hydroxy-ꞵ-methylglutaryl-CoA ya zama mai yiwuwa.
Bayan rage girman HMG (ꞵ-hydroxy-ꞵ-methyl-glutaryl-CoA) ta share ɓarnatar da HS-CoA tare da haɗuwa da NADP-dogara hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), samfurin farko na tsaka-tsakin yanayi, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta ce meva, )
A mataki na kira na isopentinyl pyrophosphate, ana gudanar da ayyuka guda huɗu. Ta hanyar mevalonate kinase (sannan phosphomevalonate kinase), Mevalonate an canza zuwa 5-phosphomevalonate a 1 da 2 Mevalonate kinase (sannan phosphomevalonate kinase), sannan kuma zuwa 5-pyrophosphomevalonate, wanda ya zama 3-phospho-5-pyrophosphomevalonate a cikin 3 a 3 (tare da halartar enzyme na kinase).
Aiki na ƙarshe shine decarboxylation da dephosphorylation tare da samuwar isopentinyl pyrophosphate (an fara ne daga halartar enzyme pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase).
A cikin kira na squalene, farkon isomerization na isopentenyl pyrophosphate zuwa dimethylallyl pyrophosphate faruwa (a ƙarƙashin rinjayar isopentyl phosphatisomerase), sannan isoachenyl pyrophosphate rikodin tare da dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (an kafa haɗin lantarki tsakanin C5 na farko da C5 abu na biyu) tare da samuwar geranyl pyrophosphate (da kuma cakuda kwayar halittar pyrophosphate).
A mataki na gaba, hadiyya tsakanin C5 bayyaneko na pyrophosphate da C10 geranyl pyrophosphate - sakamakon ɗaukar ciki na fari tare da na biyu, an kirkiro farnesyl pyrophosphate kuma kwayoyin pyrophosphate na gaba sun ɓace daga C15.
Wannan matakin ya ƙare tare da ɗaukar ƙwayoyin sel biyu na farnesyl pyrophosphate a cikin sashin yankin C15- C15 (ta kan kai-da-kai) tare da cire kwayar halittar pyrophosphate guda biyu lokaci guda. Don ɗaukar ƙwayoyin sunadarai guda biyu, ana amfani da yankuna na rukunan pyrophospha, ɗayan ɗayan yana sharewa nan da nan, wanda ke haifar da samuwar pyrophosphate. Yayin rage NADPH (tare da cire pyrophosphate na biyu), wannan abu mai tsaka-tsaki (a ƙarƙashin rinjayar squalene synthase) ya juya zuwa squalane.
A cikin tsarin lanosterol, akwai ayyukan 2: na farko ya ƙare tare da samuwar squalene epoxide (a ƙarƙashin rinjayar squalene epoxidase), na biyu - tare da cyclization na squalene epoxide zuwa samfurin karshe na matakin - lanosterol. Matsar da ƙungiyar methyl daga C14 akan C13, kuma daga C8 akan C14 san oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase.
Mataki na karshe na haduwa ya hada da jerin ayyukan guda 5. Sakamakon hadawan abu da iskar shaka da C14 Mungiyar methyl na lanosterol suna samar da fili wanda ake kira 14-desmethylanosterol. Bayan cirewar rukunin methyl guda biyu (a cikin C4) abu ya zama zymosterol, kuma a sanadiyyar ƙawancewar haɗin C guda biyu8= C9 zuwa matsayi C8= C7 samuwar δ-7,24-cholestadienol yana faruwa (a ƙarƙashin aikin isomerase).
Bayan motsi biyu bond C7= C8 zuwa matsayi C5= C6 (tare da ƙirƙirar desmosterol) da kuma sake dawo da haɗin haɗin gwiwa a cikin sarkar sashi, an samar da abu na ƙarshe - cholesterol (ko kuma a'a, cholesterol). “Δ” enzyme 24-na rage karfin “yana jagoranci” matakin karshe na kwayar cholesterol.
Me ke shafar nau'in cholesterol?
Ganin rashin ƙarfi na ƙananan ƙwayar lipoproteins mai ƙarancin ƙwayar cuta (LDL), halayyar su don haɓaka lu'ulu'u na cholesterol (tare da ƙirƙirar filayen atherosclerosis a cikin jijiya waɗanda ke ƙara yiwuwar cututtukan zuciya da rikicewar jijiyoyin jiki), lipoproteins na wannan rukuni ana kiran su "mummunan cholesterol", yayin da manyan lipoproteins tare da Tsarin kwayoyin halitta (HDL) tare da kaddarorin kishiya (ba tare da haɗarin atherogenicity ba) ana kiran shi cholesterol "mai amfani."
Yin la'akari da haɗin gwiwar wannan gabatarwar (jiki ba zai iya zama wani amfani ba tare da ƙaƙƙarfan amfani ko mai cutarwa ba kawai), duk da haka, ana samarwa matakai don mutanen da ke da haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayar cuta don sarrafawa da rage LDL zuwa matakan mafi kyau.
Tare da adadi fiye da 4.138 mmol / l, ana ba da shawarar zaɓin abincin don rage matakin su zuwa 3.362 (ko lessasa da ƙari), matakin sama da 4.914 yana aiki a matsayin alama don nuna magunguna don rage ƙwayar cuta.
Increasearfafa yanki na jini na "mummunan ƙwayar cholesterol" yana faruwa ne ta hanyar dalilai:
- ƙananan aiki na jiki (rashin aiki na jiki);
- yawan wuce gona da iri (dogaro da abinci), da kuma sakamakon sa - yawan wuce kima ko kiba;
- rashin daidaituwa na abinci - tare da mafi yawan trans kitsen mai, sauƙin narkewa carbohydrates (Sweets, muffins) zuwa lalata abubuwan da ke tattare da pectin, fiber, bitamin, abubuwan da aka gano, m acid na polyunsaturated abun da ke ciki;
- kasancewar yawancin abubuwan maye na gida (shan taba sigari, shan giya a cikin nau'ikan abubuwan sha, zagi na kwayoyi)
Kasancewar cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan zuciya na yau da kullun suna da sakamako mai ƙarfi:
- cutar gallstone;
- rikicewar endocrine tare da hyperproduction na hormones na adrenal bawo, rashi na thyroid ko hormones na jima'i, ko ciwon sukari na mellitus;
- renal da hepatic insufficiency tare da rikice-rikice na wasu matakai na kira na "m" lipoproteins da ke faruwa a cikin waɗannan gabobin;
- cututtukan gadoji na gado.
Matsayi na metabolism na metabolism kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayin microflora na hanji, wanda ke haɓaka (ko hana) yawan shan fats na abin da ake ci, kuma yana shiga cikin kira, canji, ko lalata sterols of exogenous or endogenous asalin.
Bayan haka, don rage nuna alamar "mummunar" cholesterol gubar:
- ilimin jiki, wasanni, rawa;
- ci gaba da rayuwa ba tare da shan sigari da giya ba;
- abincin da ya dace ba tare da wucewar carbohydrates mai narkewa mai sauƙi ba, tare da ƙarancin abun ciki na ƙima na dabba mai haɗari - amma tare da isasshen abun ciki na fiber, polyunsaturated mai acid, abubuwan lipotropic (lecithin, methionine, choline), abubuwan gano, bitamin.
Bidiyo daga gwani:
Yaya tsari a cikin jiki?
Kusan kusan 20% na cholesterol yana shiga jiki tare da abincin da yake ci - yana samar da ragowar 80% ta hannun kansa, ban da hanta, aikin aiwatarwa yana gudana ta hanyar ingantaccen ƙwayar cuta ta endoplasmic reticulum sel.
- hanji;
- glandis adrenal;
- koda
- gabobin ciki.
Baya ga kayan gargajiya na kirkirar kwayar cholesterol da aka bayyana a sama, Hakanan ana iya gina ta ta hanyar da ba mevalonate ba. Don haka, ɗayan zaɓuɓɓuka shine ƙirƙirar abu daga glucose (yana faruwa ta hanyar wasu enzymes kuma a ƙarƙashin sauran yanayin kwayoyin).
