Insulin hormone ne wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da aiki na yau da kullun na jikin mutum. Abubuwan ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta kuma yana haɓaka shan glucose, wanda shine asalin tushen kuzari da babban abinci ga kwakwalwa.
Amma wani lokacin, saboda dalili ɗaya ko wata, toshewar insulin a cikin jiki yana raguwa da alama sosai ko ya daina gaba ɗaya, yadda ake zama da yadda ake taimakawa. Wannan yana haifar da mummunan cin zarafin metabolism da haɓaka irin wannan cuta mai haɗari kamar ciwon sukari.
Idan ba tare da dacewa da isasshen magani ba, wannan cutar na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako, gami da asarar hangen nesa da wata gabar jiki. Hanya guda daya tilo don hana ci gaban rikitarwa shine injections na yau da kullun da aka samo insulin.
Amma menene ake yin insulin ga masu ciwon sukari kuma ta yaya zai shafi jikin mai haƙuri? Waɗannan tambayoyin suna da amfani ga mutane da yawa waɗanda aka kamu da cutar sukari. Don fahimtar wannan, kuna buƙatar la'akari da duk hanyoyin don samun insulin.
Iri daban-daban
Shirye-shiryen insulin na zamani ya bambanta ta hanyoyi kamar haka:
- Tushen asalin;
- Yawan aiki;
- pH na mafita (acidic ko tsaka tsaki);
- Kasancewar abubuwan adanawa (phenol, cresol, phenol-cresol, methylparaben);
- Concentaukewar insulin shine 40, 80, 100, 200, 500 IU / ml.
Wadannan alamun suna tasiri da ingancin magungunan, farashinsa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga jikin mutum.
Sources
Ya danganta da tushen, shirye-shiryen insulin sun kasu kashi biyu:
Dabbobi. An samo su daga cututtukan shanu da aladu. Suna iya zama marasa aminci, saboda yawanci suna haifar da mummunan halayen halayen ƙwayar cuta. Gaskiya ne don insulin bovine, wanda ya ƙunshi amino acid uncharacteristic na ɗan adam. Insulin alade yana da aminci kamar yadda yake bambanta da amino acid ɗaya kawai. Sabili da haka, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a lura da ciwon sukari.
Dan Adam Suna da nau'i biyu: kama da ɗan adam ko Semi-roba, wanda aka samo daga insulin insulin ta hanyar canjin enzymatic da ɗan adam ko DNA ko sake fasalin kwayar halitta, wanda ke samar da ƙwayoyin cuta na E. coli godiya ga nasarorin aikin injiniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen insulin gaba ɗaya suna da alaƙa da hormone ɗin da mutum ya ɓoye.
A yau, insulin, na mutum da dabba, ana amfani dashi sosai wajen maganin masu cutar sukari. Haɗin insulin zamani na dabbobi ya ƙunshi mafi girman matakin tsarkake ƙwayoyi.
Wannan yana taimakawa kawar da irin waɗannan abubuwan rashin amfani kamar su proinsulin, glucagon, somatostatin, sunadarai, polypeptides, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da mummunan sakamako masu illa.
Mafi kyawun magungunan asalin dabba ana ɗaukar su insulin na monopic na zamani, watau, samar da fitowar “mafi kololuwar” insulin.
Tsawon lokaci
Samun insulin ana yin shi gwargwadon fasaha daban-daban, wanda ke ba da damar samun magunguna daban-daban na ayyukan aiwatarwa, wato:
- aikin ultrashort;
- gajeriyar aiki;
- tsawaita aiki;
- matsakaiciyar lokacin aiki;
- dogon aiki;
- hade mataki.
Ultrashort insulin. Wadannan shirye-shiryen insulin sun bambanta da cewa sun fara yin aiki nan da nan bayan allura kuma sun isa mafi girma bayan minti 60-90. Matsakaicin adadin aikinsu bai wuce awa 3-4 ba.
Akwai manyan nau'ikan insulin guda biyu tare da aikin ultrashort - wannan shine Lizpro da Aspart. Samun samar da insulin na Lizpro ana yin shi ta hanyar sake sarrafa ragowar amino acid biyu a cikin kwayar halitta, wato lysine da proline.
Godiya ga wannan canjin kwayar halitta, yana yiwuwa a guji samuwar hexamers kuma yana hanzarta bazuwar cikin monomers, wanda ke nufin inganta haɓakar insulin. Wannan yana ba ku damar samun insulin shiri wanda ke shiga cikin jinin mai haƙuri sau uku fiye da insulin na mutum.
Wani insulin matsanancin-gajere shine Aspart. Hanyoyin samar da insulin na Aspart suna cikin hanyoyi da yawa masu kama da samar da Lizpro, kawai a wannan yanayin, an maye gurbin proline tare da acid din da ake zargi da shi.
Hakanan Lizpro, Aspart yana sauri ya fadi cikin monomers kuma saboda haka yana shiga cikin jini kusan nan take. Dukkanin shirye-shiryen insulin na matsananci-gajere lokaci ana ba da izinin sarrafa su kai tsaye kafin ko nan da nan bayan abinci.
Short aiki insulins. Wadannan insulins sune matsakaici na pH buffred mafita (6.6 zuwa 8.0). An ba su shawarar da za a gudanar da su azaman insulin subcutaneously, amma idan ya cancanta, an yarda da injections intramuscular ko dropers.
Wadannan shirye-shiryen insulin suna fara aiki a cikin mintina 20 bayan fitowar su. Sakamakonsu yana ɗan lokaci kaɗan - fiye da awanni 6, kuma ya isa matsakaicinsa bayan sa'o'i 2.
Ana samar da insulins na gajeran lokaci musamman don kula da marasa lafiya masu ciwon sukari a asibiti. Suna taimakawa sosai ga marasa lafiya masu fama da cutar siga da ama. Bugu da kari, sun baka damar yawan tantance adadin insulin da ake buƙata ga mai haƙuri.
Matsakaici tsawon insulins. Wadannan kwayoyi sun narke da mummunar abubuwa fiye da insulins-gajere. Saboda haka, suna shiga jini da sannu a hankali, wanda ke haɓaka tasirinsu a jiki.
Samun insulin na matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyar aiki ana samun su ta hanyar gabatar dasu cikin mahaɗan su naɗaɗɗen mahaɗa - zinc ko protamine (isophan, protafan, basal).
Irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen insulin suna samuwa a cikin nau'ikan dakatarwa, tare da wasu adadin lu'ulu'u na zinc ko protamine (yawancin lokuta protamine Hagedorn da isophane). Masu haɓakawa suna haɓaka lokacin ɗaukar ƙwayoyi daga ƙwayar subcutaneous, wanda ke ƙara ƙaruwa lokacin shigar insulin cikin jini.
Dogon aiki insulins. Wannan shine insulin na zamani, wanda aka samar dashi wanda ya yuwu saboda godiya da cigaban fasahar ta sabkar halittar DNA. Abinda aka fara aiwatar da aikin insulin tsawon lokaci shine Glargin, wanda yake daidai ake daidai da horon da mutum yayi.
Don samun shi, ana aiwatar da canji mai sauƙi na ƙwayar insulin, wanda ya ƙunshi maye gurbin bishiyar asparagine tare da glycine da ƙari na biyu ragowar arginine.
Glargin yana samuwa ta hanyar bayyananniyar bayani tare da halayyar pH na halayyar 4. Wannan pH ta ba da izinin insulin hexamers ya kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali kuma hakan ya tabbatar da tsinkaye mai tsayi da ƙwayar a cikin jinin mai haƙuri. Koyaya, saboda pH na acidic, Glargin ba a ba da shawarar haɗuwa tare da insulins na gajere ba, wanda yawanci suna da tsaka-tsakin pH.
Yawancin shirye-shiryen insulin suna da abin da ake kira "mafi girma na aiki", akan kai wanda aka lura da mafi girman yawan insulin a cikin jinin mai haƙuri. Koyaya, babban fasalin Glargin shine cewa bashi da cikakkiyar matakin aiki.
Inayan allurar guda ɗaya kawai na miyagun ƙwayoyi kowace rana ya isa don samar wa mai haƙuri amintaccen sarrafa kwayar glycemic na sa'a 24 na gaba. Wannan ya samu ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Glargin yana karɓa daga ƙwaƙwalwar subcutaneous a daidai wannan lokacin cikin tsawon aikin.
An samar da shirye-shiryen insulin na dogon lokaci a fannoni daban-daban kuma yana iya ba wa mara haƙuri tasirin cutar ta jiki har zuwa awanni 36 a jere. Wannan yana taimakawa rage yawan inje-ins na insulin a kowace rana don haka rage sauƙaƙa rayuwar rayuwar masu fama da ciwon sukari.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa Glargin yana bada shawarar don amfani kawai don allurar subcutaneous da injections intramuscular. Wannan magani bai dace da magani na comatose ko precomatous yanayi a cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon sukari mellitus.
Hadin magunguna. Ana samun waɗannan magungunan a cikin nau'in dakatarwa, wanda ya ƙunshi maganin insulin na tsaka-tsaki tare da ɗan gajeren aiki da insulins-matsakaiciyar tsaka-tsaki tare da isofan.
Irin waɗannan magungunan suna ba wa mai haƙuri allurar insulin daban-daban na ayyukan jiki a jikinsa tare da allura guda ɗaya, wanda ke nufin guje wa ƙarin allura.
Abubuwa masu rarrabuwar kawuna
Tsarin shirye-shiryen insulin yana da matukar mahimmanci ga lafiyar mai haƙuri, tunda ana allura a jikinsa kuma ana rarraba su cikin gabobin ciki da kasusuwa tare da zubar jini.
Wani ƙwayar cuta mai ƙwayar cuta yana ɗaukar wasu abubuwa waɗanda aka ƙara zuwa abun da insulin ba wai kawai azaman maganin kashe ƙwaya ba, har ma kamar yadda aka adana shi. Wadannan sun hada da cresol, phenol da methyl parabenzoate. Bugu da ƙari, tasirin maganin rigakafi yana da tasirin halayen zinc ion, waɗanda sune ɓangarorin wasu hanyoyin insulin.
Multiarfin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ƙara abubuwan adanawa da sauran masu maganin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, na iya hana ci gaba da rikitarwa masu yawa. Bayan haka, maimaita allurar allura mai gudawa cikin kwayar insulin na iya haifar da kamuwa da cutar ta kwayoyin cuta.
Koyaya, abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin cuta na maganin suna taimaka wajan lalata microorganisms masu cutarwa kuma suna kiyaye amincinta ga mai haƙuri. Don wannan, marasa lafiya masu ciwon sukari na iya amfani da sirinji iri ɗaya don yin alluran insulin na insulin har sau 7 a jere.
Wata fa'ida ta kasancewar kasancewar abubuwan hana haihuwa a cikin abubuwanda ya shafi insulin shine karancin bukatar gurbatar da fata kafin allura. Amma wannan mai yiwuwa ne kawai tare da sirinji na insulin na musamman wanda aka sanya tare da allura mai bakin ciki.
Dole ne a jaddada cewa kasancewar abubuwan adana abubuwa a cikin insulin baya cutar da kaddarorin magungunan kuma yana da cikakkiyar lafiya ga mai haƙuri.
Kammalawa
Zuwa yau, insulin, wanda aka samu ta amfani da dabarun dabbobin da kuma hanyoyin zamani na aikin injiniyan kwayoyin, ana amfani dashi sosai don ƙirƙirar ɗimbin ƙwayoyi.
Mafi mashahuri don maganin insulin na yau da kullun sune tsarkakakken abubuwan insulin na DNA wanda ke da alaƙa, wanda ke da alaƙar mafi ƙarancin asali, sabili da haka kusan ba sa haifar da rashin lafiyar. Bugu da kari, magunguna wadanda suka danganci analogues na insulin mutum yana da inganci da aminci.
Ana sayar da shirye-shiryen insulin a cikin kwalabe na gilasai na iko daban-daban, an rufe hatimin tare da daskararru na roba kuma an rufe shi da maganin alumuran. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya siyan su a cikin sirinji na insulin na musamman, da kuma almakunan sirinji, waɗanda suka dace musamman ga yara.
A halin yanzu ana kirkiro sabbin shirye-shiryen insulin, wanda za'a gabatar dashi cikin jiki ta hanjin ciki, shine, ta hancin hanci.
An gano cewa ta hanyar hada insulin tare da abu don wanka, ana iya ƙirƙirar shirin iska wanda zai sami nasarar zama dole cikin jinin mai haƙuri da sauri kamar na allura ta ciki. Bugu da kari, ana kirkirar sabbin shirye-shiryen insulin na baka wanda bakin mutum zai iya dauka.
Zuwa yau, ire-iren wadannan insulin din har yanzu suna kan ci gaba ne ko kuma suna yin gwaje gwaje na asibiti. Koyaya, ya bayyana sarai cewa nan gaba kadan za a sami shirye-shiryen insulin wanda ba zai buƙaci allura da sirinji ba.
Sabbin samfuran insulin za su kasance a cikin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda kawai za a fesa su a saman mucous saman hanci ko bakin domin a cika gamsar da buƙatar jikin mutum na insulin.
