Insulin wani sinadari ne mai narkewa wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a jikin mutum. Ita wannan sinadarin dake ba da gudummawa ga isasshen yawan shan glucose, wanda a ciki shine babban tushen samar da kuzari, sannan kuma yake ciyar da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa.
Masu ciwon sukari, waɗanda aka tilasta su ɗauki hormone a matsayin allura, ba da jimawa ba kuma za su yi tunani game da abin da insulin ya kera, yadda ƙwayoyi ɗaya suka bambanta da wani, da kuma yadda analogues na analogues na artificial ke shafar lafiyar mutum da kuma tasirin aiki na gabobin da tsarin.
Bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan insulin
Insulin magani ne mai mahimmanci. Mutane masu ciwon sukari ba za su iya yin hakan ba tare da wannan maganin ba. Hanyar magunguna don masu ciwon sukari suna da faɗi sosai.
Magunguna sun sha bamban da juna ta fuskoki da yawa:
- Matsayi na tsarkakewa;
- Tushen (samar da insulin ya ƙunshi amfani da kayan ɗan adam da dabbobi);
- Kasancewar abubuwanda suka taimaka;
- Mai aiki da hankali;
- PH na mafita;
- Babban damar da za a iya hada magunguna da yawa lokaci daya. Yana da matsala musamman haɗuwa da gajere da aiki na insulin a cikin wasu magunguna na warkewa.
A cikin duniya kowace shekara, manyan kamfanoni masu samar da magunguna suna samar da babban adadin hormone na “wucin-gadi”. Masu samar da insulin a cikin Rasha sun kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban wannan masana'antar.
Tushen Hormone
Ba kowane mutum ne ya san abin da ake sanya insulin ga masu ciwon sukari ba, kuma asalin wannan ƙwayar magunguna mafi mahimmanci yana da ban sha'awa da gaske.
Fasaha ta zamani don samar da insulin yana amfani da tushe guda biyu:
- Dabbobi. An samo maganin ne ta hanyar magance cututtukan dabbobi na shanu (ƙasa da ƙasa), da aladu. Bovine insulin ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku masu yawa na ƙarin "amino acid", waɗanda baƙi ne a tsarin ƙirar halittarsu kuma asalin ɗan adam ne. Wannan na iya haifar da haɓakar halayen rashin lafiyan ɗabi'a. Bambancin insulin na alade yana bambanta ne da kwayar ɗan adam ta amino acid ɗaya kaɗai, wanda yasa shi aminci sosai. Ya danganta da yadda ake samar da insulin, yadda ake tsabtace sifofin kwayoyin halitta, matakin tsinkaye na miyagun ƙwayoyi ta jikin ɗan adam zai dogara;
- Abubuwan adawar mutane. Samfura a cikin wannan rukunin an ƙera su ta amfani da fasahar zamani. Kamfanonin magunguna masu haɓaka sun kafa samar da insulin ɗan adam ta ƙwayoyin cuta don dalilai na magani. Ana amfani da dabarun canzawar enzymatic don samun samfuran hormonal semisynthetic. Wani fasaha ya haɗa da yin amfani da sababbin dabaru a cikin aikin injiniyan halittu don samun keɓaɓɓen abubuwan haɗa kwayar halitta ta DNA tare da insulin.
Ta yaya kuka sami insulin: yunƙuri na farko daga masana magunguna
Magunguna da aka samo daga tushen dabbobi ana ɗaukar magunguna waɗanda aka samar ta amfani da tsohuwar fasaha. Ana ɗaukar magunguna marasa ƙarancin inganci saboda ƙarancin ƙimar tsarkakewar samfurin ƙarshe. A farkon 20s na karni na karshe, insulin, har ma yana haifar da mummunan rashin lafiyan, ya zama ainihin "mu'ujizar pharmacological" wanda ya ceci rayukan mutane masu dogaro da insulin.
Har ila yau, kwayoyi na abubuwan da aka saki na farko sun kasance sun yarda da su sosai saboda kasancewar proinsulin a cikin abun da ke ciki. Yara da tsofaffi sun yarda da allurar aikin Hormone. A tsawon lokaci, wannan ƙazamarwar (proinsulin) an cire ta da ingantaccen tsabtace abun da ke ciki. Bovine insulin gaba daya an watsar dashi, saboda kusan kullun yana haifar da sakamako masu illa.
Abin da insulin yake dashi: mahimman abubuwa
A cikin hanyoyin maganin warkewa na zamani ga marasa lafiya, ana amfani da nau'ikan insulin biyu: na dabba da asalin ɗan adam. Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan suna ba mu damar samar da samfuran mafi girman matakan tsarkakewa.
A baya can, insulin zai iya ƙunsar yawancin ƙazanta marasa amfani:
- Proinsulin;
- Glucagon;
- Somatostatin;
- Ctionsungiyoyin kariya;
- Abubuwan haɗin polypeptide.
A baya, irin wannan "kari" na iya haifar da rikice-rikice, musamman ma a cikin marasa lafiyar da aka tilasta musu shan magungunan.
Magunguna masu tasowa ba su da cutarwa mara kyau. Idan muka yi la’akari da insulin na asalin dabba, mafi kyawun shine samfurin monopic, wanda ake samarwa tare da samar da "ganyaye" na abubuwa na hormonal.
Tsawon lokacin tasirin magunguna
Kayayyakin magunguna na hormonal an kafa su ta fuskoki da yawa lokaci guda. Ya danganta da yadda ake yin insulin, tsawon lokacin aikinsa zai dogara.
An bambanta nau'ikan magungunan:
- Tare da tasirin ultrashort;
- Short takaice;
- Tsawaita aiki;
- Lokacin matsakaici;
- Dogon aiki;
- Nau'in da aka haɗa.
Shirye-shiryen Ultrashort
Misali wakilan ƙungiyar: Lizpro da Aspart. A farkon farawa, ana samar da insulin ta hanyar hanyar sake fasalin amino acid a cikin hormone (muna magana ne game da lysine da proline). Don haka, yayin samarwa, rage girman haɗarin hexamers. Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa wannan insulin yana rushewa cikin monomers da sauri, aiwatar da shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi baya haɗuwa da rikitarwa da sakamako masu illa.
Aspart an samar dashi ta irin wannan hanyar. Bambancin kawai shine cewa an maye gurbin amino acid da aspartic acid. Magunguna cikin sauri yana karyewa a jikin mutum zuwa ga wasu kwayoyin halitta masu sauki, yana nan take cikin jini.
Short takaice kwayoyi
'Yan gajerun abubuwa na wakilci ta hanyar samar da buffer. An yi nufinsu musamman don allurar subcutaneous. A wasu halaye, ana ba da izinin tsarin gudanarwa daban, amma likita ne kawai zai iya yin irin waɗannan yanke shawara.
Magungunan sun fara "aiki" bayan mintina 15 - 25. Matsakaicin mafi kyawun abu a cikin jiki ana lura da sa'o'i 2 zuwa 2.5 bayan allurar.
Gabaɗaya, ƙwayar tana shafar jikin mai haƙuri na tsawon awanni 6. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in insulin don magance masu ciwon sukari a cikin asibiti. Suna baku damar hanzarta fitar da mutum daga cikin yanayin tsananin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, ko ciwon sukari ko kuma coma.
Matsakaici tsawon insulin
Magunguna a hankali suna shiga cikin jini. An samo insulin bisa ga tsarin tsari, amma a ƙarshen matakan samarwa, abun da ke ciki yana inganta. Don haɓaka tasirin hypoglycemic, abubuwa masu haɓaka abubuwa na musamman suna haɗuwa da abun da ke ciki - zinc ko protamine. Mafi sau da yawa, ana gabatar da insulin a cikin nau'i na dakatarwa.
Dogon aiki insulin
Abubuwan da ke cikin dogon lokaci sune samfuran magunguna masu tasowa har zuwa yau. Mafi shahararren magani shine Glargin. Maƙerin bai taɓa ɓoye abin da insulin ɗan adam ya kera don masu ciwon sukari ba. Yin amfani da fasaha na sake ma'anar DNA, yana yiwuwa don ƙirƙirar ainihin analog na hormone wanda ke haifar da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta mutum mai lafiya.
Don samun samfurin ƙarshe, ana aiwatar da ingantaccen gyare-gyare na ƙwayoyin hormone. Sauya asparagine tare da glycine, ƙara ragowar arginine. Ba'a amfani da magungunan don magance cututtukan comatose ko precomatous. An yi masa allurar kawai.
Aikin magabata
Ba shi yiwuwa a hango yadda ake samar da kowane irin magunguna, musamman insulin, ba tare da yin amfani da abubuwan kara kuzari ba.
Dangane da azuzuwan su, dukkan magunguna na dauke da kwayar insulin ana iya kasu kashi biyu:
- Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade tsawan magunguna;
- Abubuwa masu rarrabuwar kawuna;
- Acid kwantar da hankula.
Masu gabatarwa
Don dalilan mai karawa, an kara lokacin bayyanawa ga mara lafiya tare da magani mai tsawan lokaci zuwa maganin insulin.
Mafi yawan amfani:
- Protafan;
- Basal;
- NPH;
- Humulin;
- Tef;
- Mono-tard;
- Humulin-zinc.
Magungunan antimicrobial
Abubuwan rigakafi na antimicrobial suna tsawan rayuwar rayuwar magunguna. Kasancewar abubuwanda ke lalacewa suna hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan abubuwa ta yanayin halittarsu abubuwan kiyayewa ne da ba sa yin illa ga aikin da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke yi.
Mafi kyawun magungunan rigakafi da ake amfani da su wajen samar da insulin:
- Metacresol;
- Phenol;
- Parabens
Ga kowane takamaiman magani yana amfani da nasu ƙari na musamman. Abun huldarsu da juna ya zama tilas dalla-dalla yin nazari a matakin farko. Babban abin da ake buƙata shi ne cewa mai hana haihuwa ya kamata ya karya aikin nazarin halittun da miyagun ƙwayoyi.
Disinwararren ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta da aka zaɓa yana ba ku damar kula da iyawar abin da ke ciki kawai ba tsawon lokaci ba, har ma da yin allura ko inshora ba tare da fara lalata ƙwayar cuta ta fata ba. Wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin matsanancin yanayi idan babu lokacin aiwatar da allurar.
Mai daidaitawa
Kowane mafita dole ne ya sami pH mai karko kuma kada ya canza lokaci. Ana amfani da daskararru, don kawai don kare miyagun ƙwayoyi daga haɓakar acidity.
Don maganin mafita, ana amfani da phosphates galibi. Idan an haɓaka insulin tare da zinc, ba a amfani da daskararru, tunda ions ƙarfe da kansu suna aiki azaman daskarar da acidity na mafita.
Kamar yadda yake game da abubuwan da ke tattare da maganin rigakafi, masu kwantar da hankali kada su shiga cikin kowane halayen tare da abu mai aiki da kansa.
Aikin insulin ba wai kawai don tsayar da ingantaccen matakin sukari bane a cikin jinin mai ciwon sukari, amma kuma hormone bai kamata ya zama mai haɗari ga sauran gabobin jikin mutum ba.
Menene insalin motsa insulin
A cikin shirye-shirye na farko tare da insulin a cikin 1 ml na maganin yana dauke da 1 UNIT kawai. Kawai tare da lokaci ne kara maida hankali. A cikin yankin territoryungiyar Tarayyar Rasha, kwalabe tare da alamomin alamar - U-40 ko raka'a 40 / ml sun zama ruwan dare. Wannan yana nuna cewa a cikin 1 ml na maganin an mayar da hankali 40 SHAWARA.
Ana haɗa madaidaitan suturar zamani ta hanyar ingantaccen tunani, wanda zai ba ka damar shigar da ya kamata, tare da kawar da haɗarin yawan zubar da jin daɗi. Duk halayen da suka shafi amfani da sirinji tare da calibration an bayyana su ta hanyar likitan halartar, zaɓin magani ga masu ciwon sukari a karon farko ko a lokacin gyaran tsohuwar tsarin kulawa.
