Tun ma kafin a gano insulin, an samo rukunin sel daban-daban a cikin tsibirin na pancreatic.
Merlin da Kimball sun gano glucagon hormone a 1923, amma 'yan kalilan ne suka nuna sha'awar wannan binciken a wancan lokacin, kuma bayan shekaru 40 kawai suka fito fili cewa wannan hormone yana da muhimmiyar rawar jiki a cikin abubuwan motsa jiki na jikin ketone da glucose.
Haka kuma, rawar da ta taka a matsayin magani ba shi da mahimmanci yanzu.
Abubuwan sunadarai
Glucagon shine polypeptide sarkar siliki ɗaya wacce ta ƙunshi ragowar amino acid guda 29. Muhimmiyar kwayar halitta tsakanin glucagon da sauran kwayoyin halittar polypeptide, kamar su
- asiri
- gas mai hanawa iskar gas,
- VIP.
Tsarin amino acid na wannan hormone yayi kama da dabbobi masu shayarwa iri daya kuma iri daya ne a cikin aladu, mutane, beraye da shanu, wannan maganin hormone ne.
Har yanzu dai ba a fayyace aikin physiological da rawar da ke gaban glucagon ba. Amma akwai zato dangane da hadaddun ka'idojin aikin preproglucagon cewa dukkansu suna da ayyuka na musamman.
A cikin sel na tsibirin na pancreas akwai wasu manya-manyan bayanan sirri, wadanda ke rarrabe tsakiya ta tsakiya, wanda ya kunshi glucagon, da kuma geron waje na glycine. Kwayoyin L-dake cikin hanji suna dauke da granules wanda ya kunshi glycine kawai.
Wataƙila, a cikin waɗannan sel na hanji babu wani enzyme wanda ke canza glycine zuwa glucagon.
Oxyntomodulin yana ƙarfafa adenylate cyclase ta hanyar ɗaure wa masu karɓar glucagon waɗanda ke kan hepatocytes. Ayyukan wannan peptide kusan kashi 20% na aikin glucagon ne.
Sinadarin glucagon mai kama da nau'in farko yana matukar karfafa sakin insulin, amma a lokaci guda a zahiri ba ya shafar hepatocytes.
Ana samun glycine, pecides na glucagon da oxygenntomodulin a cikin hanji. Bayan cirewar koda, kwayar cutar glucagog zata ci gaba.
Dokar Tsare Sirri
Sirrin glucagon, kuma hadafin shi shine aikin wanda glucose ke daukar nauyin abinci, har da insulin, mai mai kitse da amino acid. Glucose yana da karfi mai kariya daga samuwar glucagon.
Yana da tasiri sosai akan ɓoyewa da haɓakar wannan hormone lokacin da aka sha bakinta fiye da lokacin da aka gudanar cikin ciki, ana nuna wannan ta umarnin da aka yi amfani dashi.
Hakanan, glucose yana aiki akan ɓoye insulin. Wataƙila, wannan tasirin yana da alaƙa da aikin narkewar ƙwayoyin cuta kuma an ɓace cikin ƙarancin ciwon sukari na mellitus (insulin-dogara) ko kuma idan babu magani.
Babu wani cikin al'adar a-sel. Wato, zamu iya cewa sakamakon tasirin glucose a cikin sel, har zuwa wani abu, ya dogara da kunna aikin insulin. Free mai kitse, somatostatin da jikin ketone kuma suna hana ruɗuwa da matakan glucagon.
Yawancin amino acid suna haɓaka ƙwayar insulin da glucagon. Abin da ya sa ke nan bayan cin abinci wanda ya ƙunshi kawai sunadarai, mutum bai fara yin amfani da hypoglycemia ta hanyar insulin ba kuma duk ayyukan da ke faruwa na ci gaba da aiki a kullum.
Kamar glucose, amino acid suna da babban tasiri idan aka yi amfani da shi a baki fiye da lokacin da aka allura. Wato, tasirin tasirin nasu yana hade da narkewa a cikin kwayoyin halittar jini. Bugu da kari, sirrin glucagon ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar tsarin juyayi na kansa.
Sirrin da kwayar wannan kwayar ta haɓaka ta hanyar haushi daga ƙwayoyin jijiya mai juyayi waɗanda ke da alhakin ƙaddamar da tsibirin ƙwalƙwalwar ajiyar zuciya, tare kuma da gabatar da juyayi tare da adrenostimulants.
Hanyoyin metabolism da glucagon synthesis an kafa su ne bisa ka'idoji masu zuwa:
- Glucagon yana halakarwa cikin hanzari a cikin hanta, plasma da kodan, da kuma a wasu ƙwayoyin manufa.
- Filayen rabinsa shine kawai minti 3-6.
- Kwayar tayi asarar ayyukanta na halittar yayin da garkuwar ta kece ragowar N-tashar histidine.
Hanyar aikin
Glucagon yana ɗaure wa takamaiman mai karɓa da ke kan membrane na ƙwayoyin manufa. Wannan mai karɓa ne mai daidaitaccen nauyin glycoprotein.
Ba a taɓa samun damar ɗaukar tsarin sa gaba ɗaya ba, amma an san cewa yana ɗaukar nauyin furotin na Gj wanda ke kunna adenylate cyclase kuma yana shafan ƙirar sa.
Babban tasirin glucagon akan hepatocytes yana faruwa ta hanyar AMP na cyclic. Sakamakon canji na N-tashar rabo daga ƙwayar glucagon, an canza shi zuwa agonist ɗin ɓangare.
Duk da yake kiyaye kusancin kusanci ga mai karɓar, ƙarfinsa don kunna adenylate cyclase an ɓace da yawa. Wannan halayyar halayyar des-His - [Glu9] -glucagonamide da [Phen] -glucagon.
Wannan enzyme yana ƙayyade taro na ciki na fructose-2,6-diphosphate, wanda ke shafar glycogenolysis da gluconeogenesis.
Idan matakin glucagon yana da girma kuma yana yin sauri, to, tare da karamin adadin insulin phosphorylation na 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase / fructose-2,6-diphosphatase yana faruwa kuma yana fara aiki azaman phosphatase.
A wannan yanayin, adadin fructose-2,6-diphosphate a cikin hanta yana raguwa. Tare da babban taro na insulin da karamin adadin glucagon, dishosphorylation na enzyme yana farawa, kuma yana aiki kamar kinase, yana ƙara matakin fructose-2,6-diphosphate.
Wannan fili yana kaiwa ga kunnawa na phosphofructokinase - enzyme wanda ke hanzarta rage iyawar glycolysis.
Don haka, tare da babban taro na glucagon, ana hana glycolysis kuma an inganta gluconeogenesis, kuma tare da babban insulin, ana kunna glycolysis. Ketogenesis da gluconeogenesis suna cikin damuwa.
Aikace-aikacen
Glucagon, da maɗaukacin ƙwaƙwalwarsa, an yi niyya don dakatar da mummunan hare-hare na hypoglycemia lokacin da ba zai yiwu a gudanar da glucose na ciki ba. Umarnin don amfani da kwayar halitta ya bayyana komai a sarari
Wannan yakan faru ne a cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon sukari. Hakanan, ana amfani da wannan hormone a cikin bincike na radiation don murƙushe motsin ƙwayar narkewa. A wannan yanayin, akwai wasu hanyoyin yin amfani da kwayar.
Glucagon, wanda aka yi amfani dashi a magani, ya keɓance daga cututtukan aladu ko shanu. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa amino acid na glucagon a cikin waɗannan dabbobin an same su a tsari iri ɗaya. Tare da hypoglycemia, ana gudanar da homon ɗin cikin jijiyar wuya, cikin jijiya ko cikin yalwa a cikin adadin 1 MG
A cikin lokuta na gaggawa, yana da kyau a yi amfani da glucagon da hanyoyi biyu na farko na gudanarwa. Bayan mintina 10, haɓakawa ta gudana, wanda ke rage haɗarin cututtukan cututtukan zuciya.
Hyperglycemia a ƙarƙashin aikin glucagon na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne, kuma yana iya faruwa ba kwata-kwata idan shagon glycogen a cikin hanta basu isa ba. Bayan daidaita yanayin, mai haƙuri yana buƙatar cin abinci wani abu ko yin allura na glucose don hana sake kaiwa hari na cututtukan jini. Yawancin raunin da ya fi dacewa ga glucagon shine amai da tashin zuciya.
- An tsara wannan maganin kafin nazarin bambanci na X-ray game da ƙwayar gastrointestinal, kafin MRI da akidar retrograde don shakata tsokoki na hanji da ciki da inganta aikinsu.
- Ana amfani da Glucagon don sauƙaƙe spasms a cikin cututtuka na biliary fili da sphincter na Oddi ko a cikin diverticulitis m.
- A matsayin kayan taimako a cire duwatsun daga cikin mai mai amfani ta hanyar amfani da Dormia madauki, haka nan a cikin yaduwar hanji da kuma katse hanji a cikin esophagus da inganta aikin su.
- Ana amfani da ɓoyewar Glucagon azaman kayan bincike na gwaji don pheochromocytoma, tunda yana kunna sakin catecholamines ta sel wannan ƙwayar.
- Ana amfani da wannan hormone don magance tashin hankali, saboda yana da tasirin gaske a cikin zuciya. Yana da tasiri a cikin marasa lafiya suna shan beta-blockers, saboda adrenostimulants baya aiki a irin waɗannan halayen.
