Abin da insulin yake dashi (samarwa, samarwa, shirye-shiryen, kwayar halitta)

Insulin magani ne mai mahimmanci, ya canza rayuwar mutane da yawa masu ciwon sukari.

A cikin duk tarihin magunguna da kantin magani na karni na 20, wataƙila rukuni ɗaya na magunguna masu mahimmanci iri ɗaya za'a iya rarrabe su - waɗannan sune maganin rigakafi. Su, kamar insulin, sun shiga magani da sauri kuma suna taimaka wa rayuwar mutane da yawa.

Ana bikin ranar masu ciwon sukari a kan shirin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kowace shekara, wanda ya fara daga 1991 a ranar haihuwar likitan masanin ilimin Kanada F. Bunting, wanda ya gano insulin hormone tare da J.J. Macleod. Bari mu kalli yadda ake samar da wannan kwayoyin.

Menene bambanci tsakanin shirye-shiryen insulin

1. Matsayi na tsarkakewa.
2. Tushen karɓa shine alade, bovine, insulin mutum.
3. Componentsarin abubuwan da aka haɗa cikin maganin maganin shine abubuwan kiyayewa, tsawan aiki da sauran su.
4. Taro.
5. pH na mafita.
6. Ikon haɗu da magunguna gajere da aiki mai tsayi.

Insulin wani kwaro ne wanda ke fitowa daga sel na musamman a cikin hanji. Sinadari ne mai iri biyu, wanda ya hada da amino acid 51.

Kimanin raka'a 6 na insulin ana cinye shi kowace shekara a cikin duniya (1 naúrar ita ce microgram na abu guda 42). Samun insulin na zamani ne mai fasaha kuma ana yin shi ne kawai ta hanyoyin masana'antu.

Tushen insulin

A halin yanzu, dangane da tushen samarwa, an ware insulin alade da shirye-shiryen insulin na mutane.

Insulin alade yanzu yana da babban matsayi na tsarkakewa, yana da kyakkyawan tasirin hypoglycemic, kuma kusan babu halayen rashin lafiyan da ake dashi.

Shirye-shiryen insulin na mutum yana da cikakkiyar daidaituwa a tsarin sunadarai tare da kwayar halittar mutum. Yawancin lokaci ana yin su ta hanyar biosynthesis ta amfani da fasahar injiniyan kwayoyin.

Manyan kamfanonin masana'antu suna amfani da hanyoyin samarwa waɗanda suke ba da tabbacin cewa samfuransu sun cika duk matakan inganci. Babu wani bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin aikin ɗan adam da porcine monocomponent insulin (i tsarkakakke) an samo su; dangane da tsarin garkuwar jiki, a cewar binciken da yawa, bambanci yana da kaɗan.

Abubuwa masu taimako wadanda aka yi amfani dasu wajen samarda insulin

A cikin kwalban tare da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya ƙunshi bayani wanda ya ƙunshi ba kawai insulin na hormone ba, har ma da sauran mahadi. Kowannensu yana da takamaiman matsayi:

• tsawanta daga ƙwayoyi;
• rashin kamuwa da maganin;
• kasancewar kaddarorin ffarfin buffer na mafita da kuma kiyaye tsaka-tsakin pH (ma'aunin acid-base).

Ensionaukar insulin

Don ƙirƙirar insulin-mai-aiki, ɗayan ɗayan mahadi biyu, zinc ko protamine, an haɗa su zuwa maganin insulin na al'ada. Dangane da wannan, ana iya raba abubuwa biyu zuwa rukuni biyu:

• protamine insulins - protafan, basal na mutum, NPH, humulin N;
• zinc-insulins - insulin-zinc-suspensions na mono-tard, tef, humulin-zinc.

Protamine furotin ne, amma halayen da ba a yarda da su ba sunada yawa.

Don ƙirƙirar matsakaici na mafita, an ƙara phosphate buffer a ciki. Ya kamata a tuna cewa insulin dauke da sinadarin phosphates haramun ne a hada su da insulin-zinc dakatarwa (ICS), tunda zinc-phosphate precipitates a wannan yanayin, kuma aikin zinc-insulin ya gajarta ne a hanyar da ba a iya tsammani ba.

Abubuwa masu rarrabuwar kawuna

Wasu daga cikin mahadi waɗanda, bisa ga ka'idodin magunguna da fasaha, yakamata a gabatar dasu a cikin shirye-shiryen, suna da tasiri mai lalacewa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cresol da phenol (dukansu suna da ƙanshin wari), da methyl parabenzoate (methyl paraben), a cikin babu wari.

Gabatarwar ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan kiyayewa yana ƙayyade ƙanshin kamshin wasu shirye-shiryen insulin. Duk abubuwan kiyayewa a cikin adadin da aka samo su a cikin shirye-shiryen insulin ba su da wani mummunan tasiri.

Magungunan protamine yawanci sun hada da cresol ko phenol. Ba za a iya kara Phenol a cikin mafita na ICS ba saboda yana canza kayan jikin mutum na barbashi kwayoyin. Wadannan kwayoyi sun hada da methyl paraben. Hakanan, ion c zinc a cikin bayani yana da tasirin antimicrobial.

Godiya ga irin wannan kariyar-rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta, ana amfani da kayan adon don hana haɓakar yiwuwar rikice-rikicen da za a iya haifar ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta yayin da ake sa allura cikin maimaita maganin.

Sakamakon kasancewar wannan kayan aikin tsaro, mai haƙuri na iya amfani da sirinji ɗaya don allurar rigakafin magungunan don kwanaki 5 zuwa 7 (muddin kawai yana amfani da sirinji). Haka kuma, abubuwan hana haihuwa suna iya yiwuwa a daina amfani da giya don magance fata kafin allura, amma kuma kawai idan mai haƙuri ya saka kansa da maɗaurin tare da allura ta farin ciki (insulin).

Insulin Syringe Calibration

A cikin shirye-shiryen insulin na farko, raka'a ɗaya daga cikin kwayoyin sun kasance a cikin ml na maganin. Daga baya, taro ya ƙara ƙaruwa. Yawancin shirye-shiryen insulin a cikin kwalaben da ake amfani da su a Rasha suna da raka'a 40 a cikin 1 ml na bayani. Ana yiwa alamar vials yawanci tare da alamar U-40 ko raka'a 40 / ml.

Magungunan insulin don amfani da yaduwa ana nufin kawai don irin wannan insulin kuma ana daidaita su bisa ga ka'idar da ke gaba: lokacin da sirinji ya cika da maganin 0.5 ml, mutum ya sami raka'a 20, 0.35 ml yayi dace da raka'a 10, da sauransu.

Kowane alamar akan sirinji daidai yake da wani girma, kuma mai haƙuri ya riga ya san adadin raka'a da suke ƙunshe a cikin wannan ƙarar. Saboda haka, daidaituwa na sirinji shine karatun digiri ne ta hanyar yawan maganin, wanda aka lissafta akan amfani da insulin U-40. Rukunin insulin 4 suna cikin 0.1 ml, raka'a 6 - a cikin 0.15 ml na miyagun ƙwayoyi, da sauransu har zuwa raka'a 40, wanda ya dace da 1 ml na bayani.

Wasu Mills suna amfani da insulin, 1 ml wanda ya ƙunshi raka'a 100 (U-100). Don irin waɗannan kwayoyi, ana samar da sirinji na insulin na musamman, waɗanda suka yi kama da waɗanda aka tattauna a sama, amma suna da canjin aiki daban.

Yana yin la’akari da wannan takaddama na musamman (yana sau 2.5 sau da yawa fiye da matsayin). A wannan yanayin, adadin insulin ga mara lafiya, ba shakka, ya kasance iri ɗaya ne, tunda yana biyan bukatun jiki ga takamaiman adadin insulin.

Wato, idan mai haƙuri a baya ya yi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi U-40 kuma ya sa raka'a 40 na hormone a rana ɗaya, to ya kamata ya karɓi raka'a 40 daidai lokacin da suke allurar insulin U-100, amma allurar dashi cikin adadin sau 2.5. Wato, raka'a 40 guda ɗaya za'a ƙunshi cikin 0.4 ml na mafita.

Abin baƙin ciki, ba duk likitoci ba ne musamman ma masu ciwon sukari sun san wannan. Matsalolin farko sun fara ne yayin da wasu daga cikin marassa lafiyar suka sauya zuwa yin amfani da allurar insulin (alkalami), wanda yake amfani da penfills (katako na musamman) dauke da insulin U-40.

Idan kun cika sirinji tare da bayani mai taken U-100, alal misali, har zuwa alamar 20 raka'a (i.e. 0.5 ml), to wannan ƙarar zata ƙunshi adadin 50 na magani.

Kowane lokaci, cike insulin allurar U-100 tare da sirinji na yau da kullun da kuma kallon yankan raka'a, mutum zai sami kashi 2.5 sau sama da wanda aka nuna a matakin wannan alamar. Idan babu likita ko mai haƙuri a lokacin da suka lura da wannan kuskuren, to, yiwuwar haɓaka mummunan ciwo yana da yawa saboda yawan yawan ƙwayoyi, wanda a aikace yawanci yakan faru.

A gefe guda, wani lokacin akwai insulines syringes calibrated musamman don miyagun ƙwayoyi U-100. Idan irin wannan sirinjin kuskure ne ya cika da maganin U-40 na yau da kullun, to, kashi na insulin a cikin sirinji zai zama sau 2.5 ƙasa da wanda aka rubuta kusa da alamar da ta dace akan sirinji.

Sakamakon wannan, ƙaruwar rashin daidaituwa a cikin glucose jini yana yiwuwa a farkon kallo. A zahiri, hakika, komai abu ne mai ma'ana - don kowane taro na miyagun ƙwayoyi ya zama dole don amfani da sirinji wanda ya dace.

A wasu ƙasashe, irin su Switzerland, an tsara wani shiri a hankali, wanda a sa'ilin da canjin cancantar ya kasance cikin shirye-shiryen insulin tare da alamar U-100. Amma wannan yana buƙatar kusanci ga duk waɗanda ke da sha'awar: likitoci na yawancin fannoni, marasa lafiya, ma'aikatan aikin jinya daga kowane ɓangare, masana'antun magunguna, masana'antun, hukumomi.

A cikin ƙasarmu, yana da matukar wuya a sauya duk marasa lafiya zuwa yin amfani da insulin U-100 kawai, saboda, mafi kusantarwa, wannan zai haifar da karuwa da yawa a cikin kuskure a ƙayyadadden kashi.

Haɗewar amfani da insulin gajere da tsawaita

A cikin magungunan zamani, lura da ciwon sukari, musamman nau'in farko, yawanci yakan faru ne ta amfani da haɗuwa da nau'ikan insulin guda biyu - gajere da tsawaita aiki.

Zai iya zama mafi dacewa ga marasa lafiya idan magunguna tare da durations daban-daban na aiki zasu iya haɗuwa a cikin sirinji guda ɗaya kuma ana gudanar dasu lokaci guda don guje wa bugun fata sau biyu.

Yawancin likitoci ba su san abin da ke ƙayyade ikon haɗu da insulins daban-daban ba. Dalilin wannan shine sunadarai da galenic (wanda aka tsara da abun da aka gindaya) karfin jituwa na tsawaita da gajeriyar aiki.

Yana da mahimmanci cewa lokacin da ake haɗuwa da nau'ikan kwayoyi guda biyu, saurin farawa na gajeren insulin ba ya buɗe ko ɓacewa.

An tabbatar da cewa za a iya haɗa ƙwayar magani na gajartawa a allura guda tare da protamine-insulin, yayin da farawar insulin ɗan gajeren lokaci ba a jinkirta ba, saboda insulin mai narkewa baya ɗaure ga protamine.

A wannan yanayin, mai ƙirar magungunan ba shi da matsala. Misali, ana iya hade insulin actrapide tare da humulin H ko protafan. Bayan haka, ana iya adana abubuwan hadewar wadannan shirye-shiryen.

Game da shirye-shiryen zinc-insulin, an daɗe da kafaɗa cewa insulin-zinc-dakatar (crystalline) ba za a haɗe shi da gajeren insulin ba, tunda yana ɗaukar excess yawan zinc da yawa kuma yana canza zuwa insulin tsawan lokaci, wani lokaci wani ɓangare.

Wasu marasa lafiya sun fara yin amfani da magani na gajeren lokaci, to, ba tare da cire allura daga karkashin fata ba, dan kadan canza alkiblarsa, kuma ana amfani da allurar zinc-insulin ta hanyar shi.

Dangane da wannan hanyar gudanarwa, an gudanar da 'yan karancin karatun kimiyya, don haka ba za a iya yanke hukunci cewa a wasu yanayi tare da wannan hanyar allura wani hadadden sinadarin zinc-insulin da kuma wani gajeran magani wanda zai iya samar da fata, wanda zai kai ga shan sashi na karshen.

Don haka, yana da kyau a gudanar da gajeren insulin gabaɗaya daga zinc-insulin, don yin allura biyu a cikin wuraren fata da ke aƙalla 1 cm baya ga juna.Wannan bai dace ba, ba a faɗi daidaitaccen kashi ba.

Hada insulin

Yanzu masana'antar masana'antu suna samar da shirye-shiryen haɗuwa waɗanda ke ɗauke da insulin gajere da aiki tare da protamine-insulin a cikin tsayayyen ƙaddarar yawan kashi. Wadannan kwayoyi sun hada da:

• mixtard
• Actrafan
• tsefe tsefe.

Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa sune waɗanda ratsin gajere zuwa tsawan insulin shine 30:70 ko 25:75. Ana amfani da wannan rabo koyaushe a cikin umarnin don amfanin kowane takamammen magani.

Irin waɗannan kwayoyi sun fi dacewa da mutanen da ke bin tsarin cin abinci na yau da kullun, tare da motsa jiki na yau da kullun. Misali, tsofaffi suna amfani dasu da masu ciwon sukari na 2.

Abubuwan insulins masu haɗari basu dace da aiwatar da abin da ake kira "insulin" insulin ba, lokacin da ya zama dole don canza yanayin insulin na ɗan gajeren lokaci.

Misali, wannan yakamata ayi lokacin canza adadin carbohydrates a abinci, rage ko kara yawan motsa jiki, da sauransu. A wannan halin, yawan insulin basal (tsawan lokaci) kusan ba shi da canji.

Cutar sankarau ita ce ta uku a duniya. Yana haifar da cututtukan zuciya da oncology kawai. A cewar bayanai daban-daban, yawan masu cutar sukari a duniya ya kai miliyan 120 zuwa 180 (kusan kashi 3% na duk mazaunan duniya). A cewar wasu tsinkaya, adadin marasa lafiya zai ninka sau biyu a cikin kowace shekara 15.

Don aiwatar da ingantaccen aikin insulin, ya isa a sami magani guda ɗaya, insulin gajeriyar magana, da insulin tsawon lokaci, ana yarda dasu haɗasu da juna. Hakanan a cikin wasu halaye (galibi ga marasa lafiya tsofaffi) akwai buƙatar haɗa magunguna masu haɗari.

Shawarwarin yanzu suna ƙaddara waɗannan sharudda waɗanda za a zaɓa shirye-shiryen insulin:

1. Babban matakin tsarkakewa.
2. Yiwuwar haɗuwa da sauran nau'ikan insulin.
3. Matsakaici pH
4. Shirye-shirye daga nau'in tsawan insulins yakamata a sami tsawon lokacin aiki daga sa'o'i 12 zuwa 18, don haka ya isa su gudanar dasu sau 2 a rana.