Abubuwan da ke cikin glucose na jini sun bambanta sosai a cikin mutum mai lafiya da kuma a cikin haƙuri tare da ciwon sukari. Wannan labarin zaiyi la'akari da waɗanne alamura ya kamata a yi la'akari da su na al'ada, kuma waɗanda suke sama da iyakar halatta, wanda canje-canje a matakin sukari ya dogara da yadda yake canzawa ko'ina cikin yini.
A cikin mutum mai lafiya, matakin glucose a cikin magudanar jini yana cikin kewayon daga 3.5 zuwa 6.1 mmol / lita. Bayan cin abinci, abubuwan da ke ciki na iya tashi na ɗan lokaci (kusan kimar 8.0 mmol / lita). Amma saboda amsawar ƙwayar kumburi zuwa wannan karuwa, ƙarin haɗin insulin yana faruwa, wanda ke haifar da faɗuwa a cikin sukari.
Cutar fitsarin mutum mai ciwon sukari mellitus ko dai ba zai iya samar da insulin kwata-kwata (wannan shi ne irin mutanen da ke da nau'in ciwon sukari na 1), ko kuma ba a haɗa wannan hormone ɗin da isasshen adadin ba, wanda zai iya zama da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2. Saboda waɗannan dalilai, haɗuwa da sukari a cikin jini tare da wannan cuta ya fi yadda al'ada take.
Insulin da ma'anarta
Insulin wani abu ne wanda yake a cikin hanji wanda aka kirkire shi. Babbar manufarta ita ce sarrafa kwararawar glucose a cikin sel dukkan gabobin jikin mutum da tsoka.
Insulin kuma yana da alhakin tsara metabolism na furotin ta hanyar shiga cikin samuwar su daga amino acid. Kwayoyin sunadarai suna gudana daga insulin zuwa sel.
Idan rikice-rikice sun faru yayin ƙirƙirar wannan hormone ko kuma matsaloli sun fara a cikin hulɗarsa da ƙwayoyin jikin mutum, hauhawar jini na faruwa.
Hyperglycemia wani cigaba ne na hawan jini, wanda yake haifar da ciwon sukari mellitus.
A cikin mutane masu lafiya, siffofin insulin a cikin ƙwayar cuta, wanda ke jigilar glucose mai narkewa cikin sel. A cikin ciwon sukari mellitus, glucose ba zai iya shiga cikin tantanin halitta da kansa ba, kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jini a matsayin abu mara amfani.
A lokaci guda, glucose shine asalin tushen kuzari ga dukkan gabobin. Sau ɗaya a cikin jiki tare da abinci, an canza shi zuwa tsarkakakken makamashi a cikin sel. Godiya ga wannan, jiki yana iya aiki kullum.
A cikin sel, glucose na iya shiga kawai tare da taimakon insulin, don haka ba za a iya yin amfani da mahimmancin wannan hormone ba.
Idan akwai karancin insulin a jiki, duk sukarin da yake zuwa da abinci yakan kasance cikin jini. Sakamakon wannan, jinin ya yi kauri kuma ba zai iya jigilar oxygen da abubuwan gina jiki zuwa sel ba. Akwai raguwa a cikin waɗannan ayyukan.
Ganuwar jijiyoyin jiki sun zama marasa jituwa ga abubuwan gina jiki, sun rage elasticity da ƙara haɗarin rauni. Yawan wuce haddi a cikin jini shima yana kawo hadari ga membranes.
Cutar Ciwon Sama
Lokacin da matakin sukari na jini ya tashi sama da matakan al'ada a cikin ciwon sukari, takamaiman bayyanar cututtuka sun bayyana waɗanda ke halayyar wannan cutar:
- ko da yaushe ji ƙishirwa;
- bushe bakin
- karuwar fitowar fitsari;
- janar gaba daya;
- karancin gani.
Amma duk waɗannan alamun bayyanar cututtuka suna cikin haɗari, kuma haƙiƙa haɗarin gaske lokacin da matakin glucose a cikin jini ya kasance babban matakin kullun.
Hadarin yana da alaƙa da rikice-rikice na ciwon sukari. Da farko dai, lalacewar jijiyoyi ne da jijiyoyin jini a jiki. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa yawan haɗuwa da glucose a cikin jini yana haifar da ci gaba da yawancin rikice-rikice na ciwon sukari, wanda daga baya ya haifar da nakasa kuma yana iya haifar da mutuwa.
Babban haɗari dangane da rikice rikice shine babban matakin sukari bayan cin abinci.
Idan, bayan cin abinci, matakan glucose na jini lokaci-lokaci yakan tashi, wannan ana ɗauka alama ce farkon bayyananniyar farkon cutar. Wannan yanayin ana kiransa ciwon suga. Tabbatar kula da waɗannan alamun:
- raunin da ba ya warkarwa;
- kullun abubuwan da ke faruwa;
- bayyanar da fitarwa;
- zub da jini;
- rauni
- raunin gani;
- sauke cikin aiki.
Wannan yanayin na iya wuce shekaru da yawa kafin likitoci su binciki ciwon sukari. A cewar kididdigar, kusan kashi 50% na mutanen da ke dauke da ciwon sukari na 2 ba su ma san da cutar su ba.
An tabbatar da wannan ta gaskiya cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na marasa lafiya, lokacin da aka gano su, sunada rikice-rikice na cutar da ta tashi a wannan lokacin saboda karuwa lokaci-lokaci a cikin yawan glucose bayan cin abinci. Sabili da haka, kuna buƙatar saka idanu akai-akai kuma akai-akai duba matakin sukari don yanayin lafiyar ku.
Hakanan yana da matukar muhimmanci a shiga cikin rigakafin kamuwa da cutar siga, watau, jagoranci rayuwa ta yau da kullun, cin abinci da kyau, kula da lafiyar ku koyaushe.
Don hana haɓakar ciwon sukari, dole a kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:
- Bincika glucose na jini akai-akai.
- Dakatar da shan giya da shan sigari.
- A raba, cin akalla sau biyar a rana.
- Atsayamar dabbobi a cikin abincin yana buƙatar maye gurbin ta da ƙwayar shuka.
- Rage yawan adadin carbohydrates da aka cinye tare da abinci, iyakance yawanci.
- Yi ƙoƙarin guje wa yanayin damuwa.
- Jagoranci rayuwa mai aiki.
Hanyar warkewar cutar sankara ta ƙunshi waɗannan ayyukan:
- Yarda da wani tsayayyen abinci, kin amincewa da Sweets da carbohydrates.
- Yin motsa jiki.
- Shan magunguna don rage sukari a cikin allunan ko azaman insulin insulin.
- Kulawa da glucose ta hanyar auna shi akai-akai a duk tsawon rana.
- Koyon yadda ake sarrafa jikin ku da ciwon sukari.
Ya kamata a kula da matakin glucose a cikin jini a daidai al'ada ta dukkan hanyoyin da za'a iya amfani da su, tunda hyperglycemia shine babban dalilin cututtukan cututtukan fata. Rage yawan tattara sukari zuwa darajar kusan kusa da lambobin mutane masu lafiya shine babban burin maganin cutar kanjamau.
Ba za a iya yarda da yawan zubar da jini ba. Wannan wani yanayi ne wanda yawan sukarin jini ya ragu sosai har ya zama kasa da matakin al'ada. Ya kamata a tuna cewa ƙaramin darajar glucose na jini wanda ya yi daidai da na yau da kullun shine 3.5 mmol / lita.
Don hana rikice-rikice iri daban-daban, dole ne a rama mellitus na ciwon sukari, wato, don kula da matakan glucose koyaushe a cikin iyakoki masu daidaita:
- Yin azumi sukari na jini ya fara daga 3.5 zuwa 6.1 mmol / lita.
- Awanni biyu bayan cin abinci, adadin glucose a cikin magudanar jini kada ya zarce 8 mmol / lita.
- A lokacin bacci, iyakar sukari na al'ada shine tsakanin 6.2 zuwa 7.5 mmol / lita.
- A cikin fitsari, bai kamata a ƙunshi glucose kwata-kwata ba, a cikin matsanancin yanayi, darajar 0.5% tana halatta.
Abubuwan da aka nuna a sama sune mafi kyau duka, tare da waɗannan dabi'u da alama yiwuwar haɓaka rikitarwa yana da ƙarancin. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a san cewa kuna buƙatar kula da ƙimar darajar glucose kawai a cikin jini da fitsari, amma kuma kula da alamun da ke gaba:
- Girman jiki ya zama mafi kyau duka dangane da tsayi, shekaru da jinsi.
- Hawan jini bai kamata ya zarce 130/80 mmHg ba.
- Kwalalin al'ada bai kamata ya wuce 4.5 mmol / lita ba.
Sau da yawa yana da matukar wahala a cimma waɗannan alamomin a aikace, amma kar a manta cewa babban maƙasudin magani game da ciwon sukari shine hana ci gaban rikice-rikice, tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali da ƙoshin lafiya.
Bambanci tsakanin nau'in 1 da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2
Ciwon sukari mellitus ya ƙunshi duka rukuni na cututtukan endocrine waɗanda ke haɓaka saboda dangi ko cikakken rashi na insulin na hormone, da kuma keta alaƙar da ke tattare da ƙoshin jikin mutum. Kuma wannan dole yana haifar da hyperglycemia - tsayayyen haɓakawa a cikin taro na glucose a cikin jini.
Ana nuna cutar ta hanya mai kauri kuma take hakkin dukkan nau'ikan hanyoyin haɓaka - mai, mai narkewa, ma'adinai, furotin da gishiri-ruwa. Ban da mutane, wannan cutar ana kuma samun ta a wasu dabbobi, kamar su kuliyoyi.
A halin yanzu, akwai tabbaci cewa ciwon sukari yana da tsinkayar ƙwayar halitta. Karo na farko da aka gabatar da irin wannan hangen nesa a shekarar 1896 sannan daga baya ne kawai aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ilimin kididdiga. Dangantakar B-locus na histocompatibility leukocyte antigens tare da nau'in ciwon sukari na 1 da rashinsa a cikin nau'in cuta ta biyu an kafa shi a 1974.
Bayan haka, an gano wasu bambance-bambancen kwayoyin, waɗanda suka fi yawa a cikin halittar mutane masu ciwon sukari fiye da sauran mutanen.
Misali, idan akwai guda B8 da B15 a cikin halittar, to hadarin cutar ya ninka har sau 10. Yiwuwar rashin lafiya shine 9.4 sau mafi girma a gaban alamun alamun Dw3 / DRw4. Kimanin kashi 1.5% na cututtukan ciwon sukari suna faruwa ne sakamakon maye gurbin A3243G na ƙwaƙwalwar mitochondrial MT-TL1.
Ya kamata a lura cewa nau'in 1 na ciwon sukari ana nuna shi da dabi'ar halittar jini, wato, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da cutar.
Cutar sukari nau'in 1 an ƙaddara ta hanyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, a cikin abin da alamar ganewar asali shine kasancewar ƙwayoyin rigakafi zuwa ƙwayoyin beta na pancreatic a cikin jini.
Zuwa yau, yanayin gado ba a bayyana shi cikakke, yana da matukar wahala a hango kogane da wannan tsari saboda yanayin gado na cutar. Ingantaccen ƙirar kayan gado na buƙatar ƙarin nazarin kwayoyin da ƙididdiga.
The pathogenesis na ciwon sukari yana da manyan maki biyu:
- Rashin aiki na insulin ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta.
- Jurewar insulin, shine, rikicewar hulɗa na hormone tare da sel jikin saboda canji a cikin tsari ko raguwa a cikin adadin wasu masu karɓar insulin, kazalika da rushewa a cikin tsarin kwayoyin da kansa ko kuma canji a cikin tsarin samar da ƙwayoyin ciki daga masu karɓa zuwa ƙwayoyin sel.
Bambancin asibiti tsakanin nau'in 1 da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2
Misalin ci gaba na nau'ikan cuta guda biyu an bayyana shi a magani, amma a aikace na asibiti waɗannan abubuwan bazai yiwu ba koyaushe ake samun cikakke. Misali, tare da mellitus na ciwon sukari na nau'in farko na wani lokaci bayan kamuwa da cutar, bukatar insulin (wacce ake kira "gudun amarci" na ciwon sukari) na iya ɓacewa.
Tare da wata cuta ta nau'in na biyu, ba za a iya samun rikice-rikice na kullum. Cutar kamfani ta autoimmune 1 na iya haɓaka ko da bayan shekaru 40, kuma a cikin matasa a cikin 10-15% na lokuta tare da wannan cuta, ƙwayoyin rigakafi zuwa ƙwayoyin beta na pancreatic (cututtukan idiopathic) ba za a iya gano su ba.
Idan irin wannan alamar cutar a matsayin wani matakin hyperglycemia halayyar cutar kansa ne, to babu alamun irin wannan cutar, amma akwai wasu ƙarin bayyanannun alamun ko alamun cutar. Wato, yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro kuma magani ce mai haifar da rashin lafiya.
A aikace, nau'in ciwon sukari a farkon haɓakar cutar an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar endocrinologist akan wasu haɗuwa da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na ciwon sukari (shekarun haƙuri, nauyin jiki, halayyar ketosis, dogara ga insulin) ba tare da yin la'akari da duk alamun alamun cutar ba. Likita na iya sake bayanin irin cutar idan ci gabanta bai dace da yanayin da ake nufi ba.
