Ofaya daga cikin nau'ikan mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke buƙatar cikakken aiki jikin mutum shine carbohydrates.
An rarrabasu cikin nau'ikan da yawa bisa ga tsarin su - monosaccharides, disaccharides da polysaccharides. Wajibi ne a fahimci abin da ya sa ake buƙatarsu da abin da sinadarai da kayayyakinsu na zahiri suke.
Hadin Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates sune mahadi da ke dauke da carbon, hydrogen da oxygen. Mafi yawan lokuta suna daga asali, kodayake an ƙirƙiri wasu ta hanyar masana'antu. Matsayin su a rayuwar rayayyun halittu masu girma ne.
Babban aikinsu kamar haka:
- Aiki. Wadannan mahadi sune asalin tushen kuzari. Yawancin gabobin za su iya yin aiki gaba daya saboda kuzarin da aka samu yayin hada sinadarin glucose.
- Tsarin tsari. Carbohydrates ya zama dole don haɓaka kusan ƙwayoyin jikin mutum. Fiber tana wasa da kayan tallafi, kuma ana samun kasusuwa masu wuya a cikin ƙasusuwa da guringuntsi. Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan da membranes cell shine hyaluronic acid. Hakanan ana buƙatar mahallin Carbohydrate a cikin samar da enzymes.
- Kariya. Lokacin da jiki ke aiki, glandon da ke rufe sirrin ruwayen da ake buƙata don kare gabobin ciki daga abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar. Abubuwa masu yawa na waɗannan ruwaye suna wakiltar carbohydrates.
- Ka'idoji. An nuna wannan aikin a cikin tasirin jikin ɗan adam na glucose (yana tallafawa homeostasis, yana kula da matsa lamba na osmotic) da fiber (yana shafar motsin ciki).
- Abubuwa na musamman. Suna halayyar wasu nau'ikan carbohydrates. Irin waɗannan ayyuka na musamman sun haɗa da: halartar aiwatar da tasirin jijiyoyi, samuwar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na jini, da sauransu.
Dangane da gaskiyar cewa ayyukan carbohydrates sun bambanta sosai, ana iya ɗauka cewa waɗannan mahadi ya kamata su bambanta a cikin tsarin su da sifofinsu.
Gaskiya ne, kuma babban rarraba su ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan:
- Monosaccharides. An dauke su mafi sauki. Sauran nau'ikan carbohydrates suna shiga aikin hydrolysis kuma sun rushe zuwa ƙananan kayan. Monosaccharides basu da wannan ikon, sune samfuran karshe.
- Bayanin abubuwa. A wasu rarrabuwa, ana rarrabe su azaman oligosaccharides. Sun ƙunshi kwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu. A kansu ne disaccharide ya kasu kashi hydrolysis.
- Oligosaccharides. Abun da ke tattare da wannan fili yana dauke ne daga kwayar halittar monosaccharide 2 zuwa 10.
- Abubuwan Polysaccharides. Wadannan mahadi sune mafi yawa iri-iri. Sun haɗa da kwayoyin monosaccharide fiye da 10.
Kowane nau'in carbohydrate yana da halaye na kansa. Kuna buƙatar la'akari da su don fahimtar yadda kowannensu yake shafar jikin ɗan adam da menene amfaninsa.
Monosaccharides
Wadannan mahadi sune mafi kyawun tsarin carbohydrates. Suna dauke da kwaya daya, sabili da haka, a lokacin hydrolysis, ba a rarrabe su zuwa kananan tubalan. Lokacin da aka haɗo monosaccharides, ana rarraba disaccharides, oligosaccharides da polysaccharides.
Ana rarrabe su ta hanyar matattara mai ƙarfi da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano. Suna da ikon narke cikin ruwa. Hakanan zasu iya narke a cikin giya (amsawa tana da rauni fiye da na ruwa). Monosaccharides da wuya ya amsa ga hadewa da ethers.
Mafi yawan lokuta, ana ambaton monosaccharides na halitta. Wadansu mutane suna cinye su. Waɗannan sun haɗa da glucose, fructose da galactose.
Ana samun su cikin abinci kamar:
- zuma;
- Cakulan
- 'ya'yan itace
- wasu nau'ikan giya;
- syrups, da sauransu.
Babban aikin carbohydrates na wannan nau'in shine makamashi. Ba za a iya cewa jiki ba zai iya yin su ba tare da su ba, amma suna da kaddarorin da ke da mahimmanci don cikakken aiki na jiki, misali, sa hannu a cikin hanyoyin rayuwa.
Jiki yana inganta monosaccharides cikin sauri abin da ke faruwa a cikin narkewa. Tsarin lalatattun hadaddun carbohydrates, sabanin mahadi mai sauki, ba mai sauki bane. Na farko, dole ne a rarrabe abubuwa masu rikitarwa zuwa monosaccharides, bayan haka sun sha.
Glucose
Wannan shine ɗayan nau'ikan monosaccharides. Wani farin abu ne wanda yake fitowa daga halitta - yayin daukar hoto ko yayin ruwa. Maganin asalin shine C6H12O6. Abin yana narkewa cikin ruwa, yana da dandano mai daɗi.
Glucose yana samar da tsoka da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da makamashi. Lokacin da aka shiga ciki, abu ya shiga, ya shiga cikin jini kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin jiki. A can, iskar shakar sa yana faruwa tare da sakin makamashi. Wannan shine babban tushen kuzari ga kwakwalwa.
Tare da rashin glucose, hypoglycemia yana haɓaka jikin mutum, wanda da farko yana rinjayar aiki da tsarin kwakwalwa. Koyaya, abun ciki mai yawa a cikin jini shima yana da haɗari, saboda yana haifar da ci gaban ciwon sukari. Hakanan, lokacin cin abinci mai yawa na glucose, nauyin jikin yana fara ƙaruwa.
Fructose
Ya kasance ga yawan monosaccharides kuma yana da alaƙa da glucose. An kwatanta shi da jinkirin raunin ɗaukar nauyi. Wannan saboda assimilation yana buƙatar cewa fructose an fara canza shi zuwa glucose.
Saboda haka, ana ɗaukar wannan mahaɗin amintacce ga masu ciwon sukari, tunda yawan amfani dashi baya haifar da canji mai yawa a cikin adadin sukari a cikin jini. Koyaya, tare da irin wannan cutar, taka tsantsan har yanzu wajibi ne.
Ana iya samun wannan kayan daga berries da 'ya'yan itatuwa, haka kuma daga zuma. Yawancin lokaci ana can ana haɗuwa dashi da glucose. Har ila yau, mahallin ma farin ciki ne. Dadi yana da daɗi, kuma wannan fasalin yana da ƙarfi sosai fiye da batun glucose.
Sauran mahadi
Sauran kwayoyin sunadarai sun wanzu. Suna iya zama na halitta da na wucin gadi.
Galactose na halitta ne. Hakanan ana samunsa a abinci, amma baya faruwa da tsarkakakkiyar sifar sa. Galactose shine sakamakon hydrolysis na lactose. Babban tushenta ana kiranta madara.
Sauran monosaccharides na halitta sune ribose, deoxyribose da mannose.
Haka kuma akwai nau'ikan irin wannan carbohydrates, wanda ake amfani da fasahar masana'antu.
Hakanan ana samun waɗannan abubuwa a abinci kuma suna shiga jikin mutum:
- ramnose;
- erythrulose;
- ribulose;
- D-xylose;
- L-allose;
- D-sorbose, da sauransu.
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan mahadi ana rarrabe su ta fasali da ayyukansa.
Bayani da amfani
Nau'in nau'in mahallin carbohydrate shine disaccharides. An dauke su hadaddun abubuwa. Sakamakon hydrolysis, ana samar da kwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu daga gare su.
Wannan nau'in carbohydrate yana da halaye masu zuwa:
- tauri
- solubility cikin ruwa;
- matalauta solubility a cikin manyan barasa;
- dandano mai dadi;
- launi - daga fari zuwa launin ruwan kasa.
Babban kaddarorin kemikal na disaccharides sune halayen hydrolysis (glycosidic bond sun karye kuma an kafa monosaccharides) da kuma ɗaukar ciki (an kafa polysaccharides).
Akwai nau'ikan mahaɗan 2 irin wannan:
- Mayarwa. Siffar su shine kasancewar semiungiyar hydro-Acryal hydroxyl kyauta. Saboda shi, irin waɗannan abubuwan suna da rage kaddarorin. Wannan rukuni na carbohydrates sun hada da cellobiose, maltose da lactose.
- Babu gyara. Ba za a iya rage wadannan mahadi ba, tunda basu da rukunin hydroxyl-Semi-Acetal hydroxyl. Mafi kyawun sanannun abubuwa na wannan nau'in sune sucrose da trehalose.
Wadannan mahadi suna yadu cikin yanayi. Ana iya samo su duka a cikin kyauta kuma a matsayin ɓangare na sauran mahadi. Abubuwan disaccharides sune tushen ƙarfi, tun da aka samar da glucose daga gare su yayin hydrolysis.
Lactose yana da matukar mahimmanci ga yara, saboda shine babban abin da ya shafi abincin yara. Wani aiki na carbohydrates na wannan nau'in tsari ne, tunda suna ɓangaren sel ne, wanda ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar sel tsiro.
Halaye da sifofin polysaccharides
Wani nau'in carbohydrates sune polysaccharides. Wannan shine mafi girman nau'in haɗin haɗi. Sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na monosaccharides (babban aikin su shine glucose). A cikin narkewa, ba a shan polysaccharides - share fara aikinsu ana aiwatar da shi ne da farko.
Siffofin wadannan abubuwan sune kamar haka:
- insolubility (ko rashin isasshen ruwa) cikin ruwa;
- launin shuɗi (ko babu launi);
- basu da wari;
- kusan dukkansu ba su da dandano (wasu suna da dandano mai ɗanɗano).
Abubuwan sunadarai na waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da hydrolysis, wanda aka gudana a ƙarƙashin rinjayar masu kara kuzari. Sakamakon amsawar shine lalatawar kwayoyin halitta zuwa abubuwa na tsarin - monosaccharides.
Wani dukiya shine ƙirƙirar abubuwan gado. Polysaccharides na iya amsawa tare da acid.
Kayayyakin da aka kirkira yayin waɗannan matakai suna da bambanci sosai. Waɗannan sune acetates, sulfates, esters, phosphates, da sauransu.
Misalan polysaccharides:
- sitaci;
- cellulose;
- glycogen;
- chitin.
Bidiyo na ilimi akan ayyuka da rarrabuwa na carbohydrates:
Wadannan abubuwa suna da mahimmanci don cikakken aiki na tsarin gaba daya da sel gaba daya. Suna samar da jiki da makamashi, shiga cikin samuwar sel, kare gabobin ciki daga lalacewa da illa mai illa. Hakanan suna taka rawar ajiye abubuwan da dabbobi da tsirrai ke buƙata idan ya sami lokacin wahala.
