Masana kimiyya sun ce, yakamata a samar da insulin a cikin allunan ne a shekarar 2020. Amma a aikace, komai ya faru da wuri. Gwaje-gwajen halittar likitanci a cikin sabon tsari likitoci ne suka gudanar da su a kasashe da yawa, an riga an gabatar da sakamakon farko don la'akari.
Musamman, Indiya da Rasha suna shirye don samar da insulin kwamfutar hannu. Gwajin dabbobi da aka maimaita sun tabbatar da inganci da amincin maganin a allunan.
Yin Insulin Kwayoyi
Yawancin ci gaban magunguna da masana'antun masana'antu sun dade suna rikicewa game da ƙirƙirar sabon nau'i na magani, wanda galibi yakan shiga cikin jikin mutum. Kwayoyin zai fi kyau ta kowace hanya:
- Sun fi dacewa su kwashe tare da ku cikin jaka ko aljihu;
- Theauki kwayoyin a cikin sauri da sauƙi fiye da bayar da allura;
- Amincewa baya hade da ciwo, wanda yake mahimmanci musamman idan yana buƙatar kulawa da insulin ga yara.
Masanan kimiyyar Ostiraliya ne suka fara tambayar farko. Isra’ilawa sun tallafa musu. Marasa lafiya waɗanda suka ba da kansu cikin binciken da aka gudanar sun tabbatar da cewa kwayoyin suna da amfani sosai kuma sunfi insulin a cikin ampoules. Yana da sauƙi kuma mafi dacewa don ɗauka, kuma tasiri ba ya raguwa gaba ɗaya.
Hakanan masana kimiyya na Danish suna da hannu wajen haɓaka ƙwayoyin insulin. Amma har yanzu ba a bayyana sakamakon gwajin da suka yi ba. Tunda har yanzu ba a gudanar da nazarin asibiti ba, ba a samun cikakken bayanai kan tasirin magungunan ba.
Bayan gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan dabbobi, an shirya ci gaba don gwada allunan insulin a cikin mutane. Kuma daga baya don fara samarwa. A yau, shirye-shiryen da ƙasashen biyu suka shirya - India da Rasha - a shirye suke don samar da taro.
Yadda insulin kwamfutar hannu ke aiki
Insulin kanta wani nau'in sunadarai ne wanda aka hada shi da nau'in homon ta hanji. Idan insulin ya ragu a jiki, glucose baya samun damar shiga sel sel. Kusan dukkanin gabobin ɗan adam da tsarin suna da illa, ciwon sukari yana tasowa.
Masana kimiyya guda biyu, Betting da Mafi sun tabbatar da dangantakar dake tsakanin insulin da glucose. A lokaci guda, bincike ya fara ne don hanya mafi kyau don shigar allurar cikin jiki.
Masu bincike a Rasha sun fara haɓaka allunan insulin a cikin shekarun 90s. A yanzu, wani magani da ake kira "Ransulin" ya gama shiri don samarwa.
Akwai nau'ikan insulin na ruwa mai yawa don allura a cikin ciwon sukari. Matsalar ita ce amfani da shi ba za a iya kira da dacewa ba, duk da cewa akwai insulin insulin tare da allura mai cirewa. Wannan abun a cikin allunan zai fi kyau.
Amma wahalar sa a cikin peculiarities na sarrafa insulin a cikin Allunan ta jikin mutum. Tunda hormone yana da tushen gina jiki, ciki ya san shi a matsayin abinci ne na yau da kullun, wanda dole ne ya bazu cikin amino acid ɗin, kuma ya ɓoye enzymes masu dacewa da wannan.
Masana kimiyya sun buƙaci kare insulin daga enzymes don ya shiga cikin jini gabaɗaya, kuma baya bazu ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin amino acid. Tsarin abinci mai narkewa kamar haka:
- Da farko, abinci ya shiga cikin yanayin acidic na ciki, inda abinci ya fara.
- A cikin yanayin da aka canza, abinci yana motsawa zuwa karamin hanji.
- Yanayin da ke cikin hanji ya tsaka tsaki - a nan ne abincin ya fara zama.
Ya zama dole don tabbatar da cewa insulin bai shiga cikin yanayin acidic na ciki ba kuma ya shiga karamin hanjin a yanayinsa. Don yin wannan, ya kamata ku rufe abu tare da harsashi wanda zai iya tsayayya da enzymes. Amma a lokaci guda, ya kamata narke da sauri a cikin karamin hanjin.
Wata matsalar da akai-akai tasowa yayin haɓaka shine don hana rushewar insulin a cikin ƙananan hanjin. Kwayoyin enzymes da ke shafar bayananta za a iya kera su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin insulin.
Amma tsarin aiwatar da narke abinci gaba ɗaya zai daɗe da daɗewa. Wannan matsala ta zama babban dalilin da yasa aka dakatar da aikin M. Lasowski, wanda aka gina akan hada hadarin enzyme da insulin inhibitors, aka daina aiki a shekarar 1950.
Masu binciken Rasha sun zabi wata hanya dabam. Sun kirkiro dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin inhibitor da polymer hydrogel. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara polysaccharides zuwa hydrogel don haɓaka ɗaukar abu a cikin ƙananan hanji.
A saman karamin hanji sune pectins - su ne suke haɓaka sha da abubuwa a cikin hulɗa tare da polysaccharides. Baya ga polysaccharides, an kuma gabatar da insulin a cikin hydrogel. A wannan yanayin, dukkanin abubuwan biyu ba sa hulɗa da juna. An danganta haɗin da ke saman da membrane wanda zai hana rushewar wuri a cikin yanayin acidic na ciki.
Menene sakamakon? Sau ɗaya a cikin ciki, irin wannan kwaya yana tsayayya da acid. Sai membrane ya fara narkewa kawai a cikin karamin hanji. A wannan yanayin, an saki wani hydrogel mai dauke da insulin. Possaccharides ya fara hulɗa tare da pectins, an daidaita hydrogel a bangon hanji.
Rushe mai hana inhibitor a cikin gut din bai faru ba. A lokaci guda, ya kare insulin daga bayyanuwar acid da fashewar lokaci. Don haka, an cim ma sakamakon da ake so: insulin ya shiga cikin jini zuwa asalinsa. An cire kayan adon kayan abinci tare da sauran kayan lalata.
Masana kimiyyar Rasha sun gudanar da gwaje-gwajensu kan marasa lafiya da ke dauke da ciwon sukari na 2. Idan aka kwatanta da allura, sun sami kashi biyu na insulin a cikin allunan. Matsayin glucose na jini a cikin irin wannan gwajin ya ragu, amma ƙasa da tare da gabatarwar insulin ta allura.
Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa yakamata a ƙara yawan hankali - yanzu kwamfutar hannu ta ƙunshi sau huɗu mafi insulin. Bayan shan irin wannan magani, matakin sukari ya faɗi ƙasa fiye da lokacin da aka sa shi a cikin insulin ba. Bugu da kari, an sami matsalar narkewar abinci da kuma amfani da insulin a cikin adadi mai yawa.
An warware matsalar gaba daya: jiki ya karɓi adadin insulin da ake buƙata. Kuma an kwantar da wannan adadin tare da sauran abubuwan ta hanyar halitta.
Menene amfanin allunan insulin
Avicenna, tsohuwar likitan likita da mai warkarwa, a wani lokaci ta lura da yadda mahimmancin aikin hanta yake cikin sarrafa abinci da kuma rarraba abubuwan da suka dace a jikin mutum. Wannan sashin jiki shine yake da cikakken alhaki ga aikin insulin. Amma idan kawai allurar insulin, hanta ba ta cikin wannan shirin sake rabawar.
Menene wannan ke barazanar? Tunda hanta ba ta iya sarrafa tsari, mai haƙuri na iya fama da tabin hankali da matsalolin wurare dabam dabam. Duk wannan yana shafar ayyukan kwakwalwa da fari. Abin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci don masana kimiyya su kirkiro insulin a cikin nau'ikan allunan.
Kari akan haka, ba kowane mai haƙuri zai iya yin amfani da buƙata don yin allura aƙalla sau ɗaya a rana ba. Allunan za'a iya ɗauka ba tare da matsaloli ko'ina ba, kowane lokaci. A lokaci guda, ciwo mara ciwo an cire shi gaba ɗaya - babban ƙari ga yara ƙanana.
Idan an dauki insulin a cikin allunan, da farko ya shiga hanta. A can, a cikin hanyar da ake buƙata, an jigilar daskararren abu zuwa jini. Ta wannan hanyar, insulin ya shiga cikin jinin mutumin da baya fama da ciwon sukari. Masu ciwon sukari yanzu suna iya samin ta ta hanya ta zahiri.
Wani fa'ida: tunda hanta ta shiga cikin aiwatarwa, ana sarrafa yawan abin da ke shiga jini. Ana gyara ta ta atomatik don gujewa wuce gona da iri.
A waɗanne nau'ikan siffofin za a iya ba da insulin?
Akwai wata dabara don ƙirƙirar insulin a cikin nau'i na saukad, ko kuma wajen fesa hanci. Amma waɗannan ci gaban ba su sami cikakken goyon baya ba kuma an dakatar da su. Babban dalilin shine gaskiyar cewa ba shi yiwuwa a tantance daidai insulin adadin insulin wanda ya shiga cikin jini ta cikin mucous membrane na nasopharynx.
Ba zai yiwu a gabatar da insulin a cikin jiki ba kuma a baki tare da ruwan da aka fitar. Gudanar da gwaje-gwaje akan berayen, an gano cewa yana da mahimmanci don narke 1 MG na abu a cikin ruwa na 12 ml. Bayan sun sami irin wannan kashi yau da kullun, berayen suna cire rashi na sukari ba tare da ƙarin ƙwayoyin maganin kawa ba, amfani da man gels da sauran magunguna.
A halin yanzu, kasashe da yawa suna shirye don fara samar da insulin ɗin a cikin allunan. Amma saboda girman taro a cikin kwamfutar hannu guda ɗaya, farashin su har yanzu yana da girma - insulin kwamfutar hannu yana samuwa kawai ga raka'a.
