Insulin wani kwayar halitta ce ta furotin wanda sinadarin dake samar da ita bayan karuwar glucose din jini.
Matsayinsa ya zama mafi girma da zaran mutum ya gama cin abinci. Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa kowane samfuran a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban yana ƙara matakin sukari a cikin jini: wasu sunyi kyau kuma sama da al'ada, wasu kuma hankali ba su da yawa.
Ayyukan insulin shine al'ada, shine, raguwa a cikin ƙara yawan glucose a cikin jini zuwa ƙimar al'ada, tare da jigilar wannan glucose zuwa kyallen da ƙwayoyin don samar da su da makamashi, wannan kuma ana iya samun wannan a cikin labarin da Wikipedia ya sanya.
Ayyukan insulin ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa yana samar da mai, yana tare da kasancewarsa ta kai tsaye shine adana glucose a cikin sel. Tare da wuce haddi na glucose, jiki yana juyar da hanyar juyawa daga glucose zuwa mai, bayan haka an ajiye shi a jiki.
Kamar yadda kuka sani, dukkanin carbohydrates suna da sauki kuma mai hadaddun abubuwa ko sauri da jinkirin. Yana da sauri ko sauƙaƙe carbohydrates, duk gari da mai daɗi, waɗanda suke haɓaka sukari na jini, wanda ke nufin sun tsokani samarda insulin, yana ƙaruwa da haɓakar mai.
Dangane da wannan, zamu iya yanke shawara cewa yawan adadin carbohydrates yana haifar da karuwar samar da insulin. Wannan ba cikakkiyar amsa ga abin da ke cikin insulin ba ne, amma ya bayyana a sarari yadda hanyoyin samar da mai ke aiki, wanda, a hanyar, Wikipedia ya rubuta game da.
Inulin na halitta
Jiki yana aiki da kansa. Bayan narke abinci, carbohydrates yana rushewa cikin glucose jini, wanda yake aiki a matsayin tushen kuzari.
Kwayar ta fitar da insulin don taimakawa jiki amfani da canja wurin glucose a cikin jiki. Insulin yana yin duk wannan aikin tare da sauran kwayoyin halitta kamar su amylin da glucagon.
Insulin da ciwon sukari
A cikin marasa lafiya masu fama da ciwon sukari na 1, ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta kumburin ciki ba zai iya samar da insulin ba. Jikin mutane da ke dauke da ciwon sukari na 2 zai iya samar da insulin, amma ba su iya yin amfani da shi gaba ɗaya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, tun da yawan lalacewar jiki ke haifar da matakan glucose mai yawa, misali:
- kaguwa suna bayyana a cikin jijiyoyin ƙananan hanyoyin, zuciya da kwakwalwa.
- jijiyoyin jijiya sun lalace, wanda ke haifar da kumburi da firgici wanda zai fara daga ƙafafu da hannu.
- Hadarin makanta, gazawar koda, bugun zuciya, bugun zuciya, da yanke hannu ko kafafu yana ƙaruwa.
Mutanen da ke da nau'in ciwon sukari na 1 yakamata suyi insulin a jikinsu koyaushe don magance glucose da ke shiga jiki ta abinci.
Ayyukan insulin yana haɓaka saboda bazai iya ɗaukar shi ba, saboda ana narke shi da wasu abubuwa kuma ruwan gishirin ya raba shi. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa aka saka insulin a cikin jiki wanda ya shiga cikin jini kai tsaye.
Dukkanin marasa lafiya na musamman ne, kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da halayen cutar, da salon rayuwar mutum, suna da mahimmanci don magani. Yanzu ana samun insulin a cikin siffofi sama da talatin, kuma aikin insulin na iya zama da bambanci cikin lokaci.
Sun bambanta da juna a cikin hanyar karɓa, farashi da nuances na aikin. Wasu nau'ikan insulin ana samun su ta amfani da dabbobi, kamar aladu; kuma wasu nau'ikan sunadarai sunadarai.
Iri insulin
Nau'ikan insulin da ake amfani da su don magance cututtukan ƙwayar cuta sun haɗa da:
- Fast aiki insulin. Abubuwan sun fara aiki a cikin minti biyar. Matsakaicin sakamako yana faruwa a cikin awa daya, amma aikin ya ƙare da sauri. Ya kamata a yi allura yayin aiwatar da abinci, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana gudanar da insulin "sauri" tare da aiki na dogon lokaci.
- Gajeru Short insulin ko insulin na yau da kullun. Tasirin wannan nau'in abu yana faruwa a cikin rabin awa. Ana iya ɗaukar shi kafin abinci. Insulin da ke yin aiki gajere yana kulawa da glucose na jini na dan kadan fiye da insulin aiki da sauri.
- Insulin na matsakaici na tsawon lokaci. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani dashi tare da insulin azumi ko insulin aiki na gajere. Wannan ya zama dole don insulin yayi aiki na dogon lokaci, alal misali, aƙalla rabin rana.
- Ana ba da insulin aiki na tsawon lokaci da safe. Yana sarrafa glucose a ko'ina cikin rana, muddin ana amfani dashi tare da insulin-ɗan gajeran lokaci ko insulin aiki mai sauri.
- Insulin da aka hade-hade yana kunshe da insulins na matsakaita da gajerun gauraya. Ana yin wannan insulin sau biyu a rana, kafin abinci. Yawancin lokaci, wannan nau'in insulin yana amfani da mutanen da suke da wuya su haɗu da insulin akan kansu, karanta umarnin kuma gano sashi. Wani nau'in insulin da mai haƙuri yake so ya dogara da dalilai daban-daban.
Jikin kowane mutum yana ba da amsa daban ga gudanarwar insulin. Amsar insulin ci shine ya dogara da menene kuma lokacin da mutum yaci abinci, ko ya tsunduma cikin wasanni da kuma yadda yake motsa jiki. Yawan allurar da mutum zai iya yi, shekarun sa, yawan adadin yawan glucose din, duk wannan yana shafar zabin nau'in insulin ne da hanyar shigar sa cikin jiki.
Tushen da kuma tsari
Dukkanin insulins suna shiga jikin mutum ta hanyar taya wanda suke narkewa. Insulins na iya zama ɗaukar hankali daban-daban, amma babban ɗayan: U-100 shine raka'a insulin ɗari na ruwa a cikin 1 ml na ruwa.
Ana sanya ƙarin abubuwa a cikin maganin da ke hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma kula da daidaiton tushen acid-base. A cikin wasu mutane, waɗannan abubuwa na iya haifar da rashin lafiyan ƙwayar cuta, amma irin waɗannan lokuta suna da wuya sosai.
Yanzu kowane nau'in insulin a cikin Amurka an halitta shi ne ta dalilin insulin ɗan adam. An kirkiro insulin na roba na farko a cikin 1980s, ya sami damar maye gurbin insulins na dabba gaba daya, wanda aka yi shi daga cututtukan aladu da shanu.
Koyaya, wasu mutane suna jure insulin dabbobi da kyau, saboda haka FDA tana ba da izinin shigo da insulin da ke faruwa a zahiri ga wasu nau'ikan marasa lafiya.
Insulin
Likitocin da ke halartar sun yanke shawara mafi kyawun tsarin kulawar insulin ga mara lafiya, halayensa da yanayin yanayin jikinsa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, mutanen da ke da nau'in ciwon sukari na 1 suna fara yin allura sau 2 a rana, tare da nau'ikan insulin daban-daban suna jujjuya nau'ikan abubuwa guda huɗu. An yarda dashi gaba ɗaya cewa allurar 3-4 a kowace rana suna ba da mafi kyawun iko akan glucose jini, kuma yana hana ko jinkirta rikice-rikice a cikin idanu, kodan, ko jijiyoyin da ciwon sukari ke haifar dashi sau da yawa.
A halin yanzu, hanyoyi da yawa na gudanar da insulin suna samuwa: ta amfani da sirinji na alkalami (in-pen-injector), sirinji ko famfo.
Syringe
Sabuwar ƙarni na sirinji da allura suna da bakin ciki fiye da tsoffin samfuran, wannan yana sa allurar ta zama ba mai zafi ba. An saka allura a karkashin fata, cikin tso adi nama na gindi, cinya, kafada ko ciki.
Alkalami
Ana sayar da alkalami na insulin tare da insulin kuma yana da sikelin ma'auni. Wani lokaci ana saka katako na musamman a cikin injin. Anan, ana allurar dashi ta allura, amma ana amfani da maɗaurin maimakon fiston. Na'urar tana da sauƙin amfani don yara waɗanda ke yiwa insulin kansu da kansu. Tabbas, ya fi dacewa da kwalba da sirinji.
Kabewa
Mososhi wata 'yar karamar na'urar da zaku iya ɗauka. Alluran insulin shine allura ta yau da kullun ta hanyar bututun zuwa cikin catheter, wanda aka sanya a karkashin fata a ciki.
Babban fa'idar famfon ita ce wannan na'urar tana sanya yawan sinadarin glucose a cikin jini ya zama akai, rage ko kawar da gaba daya ga bukatar allura.
Sabbin hanyoyin
A kwana a tashi, mara lafiya da ke dauke da cutar siga ya kamu da bukatar yin amfani da allura, amma kullun allurar ba za su ji daɗi ba. Masana kimiyya suna gudanar da sababbin gwaje-gwaje a koyaushe don tsara sababbin hanyoyin don sarrafa insulin.
A baya can, masu haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin sun ba da shawarar allurar insulin ta hanyar inhalation, amma masana'antun sun daina siyar da irin waɗannan na'urori a 2007.
Wataƙila wata rana, za a sayar da maganin zazzagewa don saka allurar cikin bakin ko kuma facin fata na musamman. Amma yanzu mai haƙuri zai iya samun pumps, sirinji da sirinji-alkalami.
Wuraren allura
Ana iya gabatar da insulin don saurin ɗaukar ciki zuwa cikin ciki. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya suna saka abu a cikin sashin sama na kafada. Mafi saurin gudanar da insulin zai kasance idan kun shigar dashi cikin kwatangwalo ko gindi.
Don lura da ciwon sukari, yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da hanya ɗaya a kai a kai da wurin gudanar da insulin, ba tare da canza su ba. Koyaya, don guje wa lokacin farin ciki ko tara ƙwayar adipose, ya kamata a canza sahun wurin lokacin wasu lokuta. Zai fi kyau a musanya wurin allurar kuma a san yadda ake allurar insulin daidai.
Kulawa
A matsayin ƙari ga insulin, ana kula da matakan glucose. Babu shakka komai na iya shafar matakin glucose a cikin jini: abin da mutum yake ci, lokacin da yake cin abinci, yadda yake motsa wasanni, menene motsin zuciyar sa, yadda yake warkar da sauran cututtuka, da sauransu. Yawancin lokaci bayanan rayuwa iri ɗaya na iya samun sakamako daban-daban kan cutar sankara a cikin mutane daban-daban da mutum ɗaya, amma a wani mataki na daban a rayuwa. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci don auna glucose sau da yawa a rana, shan jini daga yatsa.
Ciwon sukari na 1 wani cuta ne da yake tsawan rayuwa, saboda haka yana buƙatar kulawa ta tsawon rai game da yanayin. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci kowane ɓangaren cutar; wannan zai sauƙaƙe lura da sauƙi da sauƙi.
Tasirin insulin
Insulin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, shine mai samar da kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan na inganta jigilar glucose daga jini zuwa kyallen takarda. Bugu da ƙari, insulin ya ƙunshi cikin canzawar glucose a cikin ƙwayar tsoka da hanta zuwa glycogen.
Insulin yana haɓaka aikin membranes na nazarin halittu don amino acid, glucose, oxygen da ion. Yana karfafa amfani da wadannan abubuwan ta hanyar kyallen takarda. Insulin yana cikin sinadarin oxidative sakamakon kunnawa aikin sake zagayowar yanayin hexokinase da acid din tricarboxylic. Wadannan hanyoyin sune mabuɗin glucose metabolism.
Ana samun glucose a cikin kyallen takarda don mafi yawan bangare a cikin ruwa mai shiga tsakani, da glucohexokinase - a cikin sel. Insulin, yana ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin sel, yana haɓaka haɗakar glucose a cikin ƙwayoyin cytoplasm na sel, inda enzyme ke aiki akan shi. Aikin enzyme shine hana ayyukan glucose-6-phosphatase, wanda ke rikicewar glycogenolysis.
Insulin yana kara tasirin kwayar halittar anabolic a cikin sel, wato, tarin sinadarin lipids, sunadarai da kuma kwatancen kwayoyi na nucleic acid yana ƙaruwa, kuma wannan shine abin da insulin yake amfani dashi wajen gina mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an kunna hadawan abu da iskar shaka, wanda ke shafar aikin gaba ɗaya. Maganin anti-catabolic yana kunshe da hana glyconeogenesis da hana zubar da ruwa da kitse mai kwalliya da kuma bayyanar da abubuwan ci gaban glucose.
Tare da raguwa a cikin hankalin jijiyoyin jiki zuwa ƙwayar endogenous ko rashi na insulin, jiki ya rasa ikonsa don cinye glucose, wanda ke haifar da ci gaban ciwon sukari mellitus. Babban alamun cutar sankarau sune:
- Polyuria (lita 6-10 a rana) da ƙishirwa;
- Hyperglycemia (6.7 mmol-l "1 da sama, wanda aka ƙaddara a kan komai a ciki);
- Glucosuria (10-12%);
- Rage cikin adadin glycogen a cikin tsokoki da hanta;
- Take hakkin metabolism;
- Icientarancin iskar shaye-shaye na kitse da kuma yawan adadinsu a cikin jini (lipidemia);
- Metabolic acidosis (ketonymy).
Cutar cutar sankara na iya faruwa a cikin ciwon suga mai tsafta. Idan akwai ƙananan matakan insulin aiki a cikin jini, to yawan haɗuwar glucose, amino acid da acid ɗin mai kyauta yana ƙaruwa. Duk waɗannan abubuwa sune abubuwan da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye a cikin pathogenesis na arteriosclerosis da angiopathy na ciwon sukari.
Ginin "insulin + receptor" yana shiga cikin sel, inda aka fito da insulin kuma yana aiki. Yana ƙarfafa motsi na glucose ta hanyar membranes cell kuma yana rinjayar amfani dashi ta hanyar adipose da kyallen ƙwayar tsoka.
Insulin yana aiki akan kwayar glycogen, yana hana canza amino acid zuwa glucose. Abin da ya sa yana da amfani a yi allurar insulin kai tsaye bayan motsa jiki. Hakanan, insulin yana cikin isar da amino acid a cikin tantanin. Kuma wannan yana da tasirin gaske akan haɓakar ƙwayoyin tsoka.
Abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba na insulin sun haɗa da iyawarsa na ƙara adadin ƙwayar triglycerides a cikin tsopose nama, wanda a biyun yana ƙarfafa ƙara yawan ƙwayar mai ƙashi, wanda shine ainihin ƙarancin raguwar da insulin na hormone ke fitarwa.
Matsayin glucose yawanci yana cikin kewayon 70-110 mg / dl, idan an gano alamar da ke ƙasa 70 mg / dl a matsayin yanayin hypoglycemic. Amma wuce matsayin al'ada na sa'o'i da yawa bayan cin abinci ana daukar shi yanayin al'ada.
Bayan sa'o'i uku, matakin glucose ya kamata ya sauka zuwa matsayin da ya saba. Idan bayan cin abinci, matakin glucose na jini ya wuce kuma yana daga 180 mg / dl, wannan yanayin ana kiran shi hyperglycemic.
Idan matakin glucose na mutum bayan ya sha ruwan maganin maye ruwa ya fara a 200 mg / dl, kuma ba sau daya ba, amma bayan gwaje-gwaje da yawa, to ana iya bayyana shi da kwarin gwiwa cewa mutum yana da ciwon sukari.
